antibioticsАнтибиотики и ХимиотерапияAntibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy0235-2990ООО «Издательство ОКИ»10.37489/0235-2990-2023-68-1-2-45-56antibiotics-1003Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSМолекулярные механизмы микробной устойчивости к дезинфицирующим средствамMolecular mechanisms of microbial resistance to disinfectantsКовальчукС. Н.KovalchukS. N.

Ковальчук Светлана Николаевна — к. б. н., старший научный сотрудник Лаборатории преодоления микробной резистентности

Москва

Svetlana N. Kovalchuk — Ph. D. in Medicine, Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of overcoming microbial resistance

Moscow

ФедороваЛ. С.FedorovaL. S.

Федорова Людмила Самуиловна — д. м. н., заведующая Лабораторией преодоления микробной резистентности

Москва

Lyudmila S. Fedorova — D. Sc. in Medicine, Head of the Laboratory of overcoming microbial resistance

Moscow

ИльинаЕ. Н.IlinaE. N.

Ильина Елена Николаевна — д. б. н., член- корреспондент РАН, главный научный сотрудник

Научный проезд, 18, г. Москва, 117246

Elena N. Ilina — D. Sc. in Medicine, Corresponding member of RAS, Principal Researcher

18 Nauchnyi proezd, Moscow, 117246

ilinaen@gmail.comФБУН «Научно-исследовательский институт системной биологии и медицины» РоспотребнадзораРоссияScientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine of RospotrebnadsorRussian Federation202330042023681-24556Copyright © Ковальчук С.Н., Федорова Л.С., Ильина Е.Н., 20232023Ковальчук С.Н., Федорова Л.С., Ильина Е.Н.Kovalchuk S.N., Fedorova L.S., Ilina E.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/1003

Распространение микробной устойчивости к антимикробным препаратам, в том числе дезинфицирующим средствам, является одной из острых проблем современности, несущей биологические и экономические угрозы для всех стран. Знание механизмов формирования микробной устойчивости к дезинфицирующим средствам является необходимой научной базой для поиска путей её преодоления. Несмотря на широкое использование дезинфицирующих средств, формирование микробной устойчивости к ним изучены гораздо меньше, чем к антибиотикам. В настоящем обзоре представлены данные об основных молекулярных механизмах микробной устойчивости к дезинфицирующим средствам.

Dissemination of microbial resistance to biocides, including disinfectants, is one of the acute problem, which poses biological and economic threats to all countries in the world. Understanding the mechanisms of microbial resistance to disinfectants is a necessary scientific basis for searching ways to overcome it. Despite the wide use of disinfectants, developing bacterial resistance to them has been less studied than to antibiotics. This review presents data on the main molecular mechanisms of microbial resistance to disinfectants.

бактериидезинфицирующие средстваустойчивостьмеханизмыbacteriadisinfectantsresistancemechanismsReferencesChaplin C.E. Bacterial resistance to quaternary ammonium disinfectants. J Bacteriol. 1951; 63: 453–8. doi: 10.1128/jb.63.4.453-458.1952.Chaplin C.E. Bacterial resistance to quaternary ammonium disinfectants. J Bacteriol. 1951; 63: 453–8. doi: 10.1128/jb.63.4.453-458.1952.McDonnell G., Russell A.D. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999 Jan;12 (1): 147–79. doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.1.147.McDonnell G., Russell A.D. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999 Jan;12 (1): 147–79. doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.1.147.Gnanadhas D.P., Marathe S.A., Chakravortty D. Biocides-resistance, cross-resistance mechanisms and assessment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013 Feb; 22 (2): 191–206. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2013.748035.Gnanadhas D.P., Marathe S.A., Chakravortty D. Biocides-resistance, cross-resistance mechanisms and assessment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013 Feb; 22 (2): 191–206. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2013.748035.Ortega Morente E., Fernández-Fuentes M.A., Grande Burgos M.J., Abriouel H., Pérez Pulido R., Gálvez A. Biocide tolerance in bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol. 2013 Mar 1; 162 (1): 13–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.028.Ortega Morente E., Fernández-Fuentes M.A., Grande Burgos M.J., Abriouel H., Pérez Pulido R., Gálvez A. Biocide tolerance in bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol. 2013 Mar 1; 162 (1): 13–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.028.Bridier A., Briandet R., Thomas V., Dubois-Brissonnet F. Resistance of bacterial biofilms to disinfectants: a review. Biofouling. 2011 Oct; 27 (9): 1017–1032. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2011.626899.Bridier A., Briandet R., Thomas V., Dubois-Brissonnet F. Resistance of bacterial biofilms to disinfectants: a review. Biofouling. 2011 Oct; 27 (9): 1017–1032. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2011.626899.Tezel U., Pavlostathis S.G. Quaternary ammonium disinfectants: microbial adaptation, degradation and ecology. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2015 Jun; 33: 296–304. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.018.Tezel U., Pavlostathis S.G. Quaternary ammonium disinfectants: microbial adaptation, degradation and ecology. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2015 Jun; 33: 296–304. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.018.Fox L.J., Kelly P.P., Humphreys G.J., Waigh T.A., Lu J.R., McBain A.J. Assessing the risk of resistance to cationic biocides incorporating realism-based and biophysical approaches. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Jan 20; 49 (1): kuab074. doi: 10.1093/jimb/kuab074.Fox L.J., Kelly P.P., Humphreys G.J., Waigh T.A., Lu J.R., McBain A.J. Assessing the risk of resistance to cationic biocides incorporating realism-based and biophysical approaches. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Jan 20; 49 (1): kuab074. doi: 10.1093/jimb/kuab074.Schlacher K., Goodman M.F. Lessons from 50 years of SOS DNA-damage-induced mutagenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Jul; 8 (7): 587– 594. doi: 10.1038/nrm2198.Schlacher K., Goodman M.F. Lessons from 50 years of SOS DNA-damage-induced mutagenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Jul; 8 (7): 587– 594. doi: 10.1038/nrm2198.Mc Carlie S., Boucher C.E., Bragg R.R. Molecular basis of bacterial disinfectant resistance. Drug Resist Updat. 2020 Jan; 48: 100672. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100672.Mc Carlie S., Boucher C.E., Bragg R.R. Molecular basis of bacterial disinfectant resistance. Drug Resist Updat. 2020 Jan; 48: 100672. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100672.Goodman M.F. Error-prone repair DNA polymerases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Annu Rev Biochem. 2002; 71: 17–50. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.083101.124707.Goodman M.F. Error-prone repair DNA polymerases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Annu Rev Biochem. 2002; 71: 17–50. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.083101.124707.Costa S.S., Viveiros M., Amaral L., Couto I. Multidrug efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus: an update. Open Microbiol J. 2013; 7: 59–71. doi: 10.2174/1874285801307010059.Costa S.S., Viveiros M., Amaral L., Couto I. Multidrug efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus: an update. Open Microbiol J. 2013; 7: 59–71. doi: 10.2174/1874285801307010059.Li J., Zhang H., Ning J., Sajid A., Cheng G., Yuan Z., Hao H. The nature and epidemiology of OqxAB, a multidrug efflux pump. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019 Feb 22; 8: 44. doi: 10.1186/s13756-019-0489-3.Li J., Zhang H., Ning J., Sajid A., Cheng G., Yuan Z., Hao H. The nature and epidemiology of OqxAB, a multidrug efflux pump. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019 Feb 22; 8: 44. doi: 10.1186/s13756-019-0489-3.Du D., van Veen H.W., Murakami S., Pos K.M., Luisi B.F. Structure, mechanism and cooperation of bacterial multidrug transporters. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2015 Aug; 33: 76–91. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.07.015.Du D., van Veen H.W., Murakami S., Pos K.M., Luisi B.F. Structure, mechanism and cooperation of bacterial multidrug transporters. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2015 Aug; 33: 76–91. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.07.015.Hernando-Amado S., Blanco P., Alcalde-Rico M., Corona F., Reales-Calderón J.A., Sánchez M.B., Martínez J.L. Multidrug efflux pumps as main players in intrinsic and acquired resistance to antimicrobials. Drug Resist Updat. 2016 Sep; 28: 13–27. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.06.007.Hernando-Amado S., Blanco P., Alcalde-Rico M., Corona F., Reales-Calderón J.A., Sánchez M.B., Martínez J.L. Multidrug efflux pumps as main players in intrinsic and acquired resistance to antimicrobials. Drug Resist Updat. 2016 Sep; 28: 13–27. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.06.007.Colclough A.L., Alav I., Whittle E.E., Pugh H.L., Darby E.M., Legood S.W., McNeil H.E., Blair J.M. RND efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria; regulation, structure and role in antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol. 2020 Jan; 15: 143–157. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0235.Colclough A.L., Alav I., Whittle E.E., Pugh H.L., Darby E.M., Legood S.W., McNeil H.E., Blair J.M. RND efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria; regulation, structure and role in antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol. 2020 Jan; 15: 143–157. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0235.Du D., Wang Z., James N.R., Voss J.E., Klimont E., Ohene-Agyei T., Venter H., Chiu W., Luisi B.F. Structure of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump. Nature. 2014 May 22; 509 (7501): 512–515. doi: 10.1038/nature13205.Du D., Wang Z., James N.R., Voss J.E., Klimont E., Ohene-Agyei T., Venter H., Chiu W., Luisi B.F. Structure of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump. Nature. 2014 May 22; 509 (7501): 512–515. doi: 10.1038/nature13205.Zgurskaya H.I., Krishnamoorthy G., Ntreh A., Lu S. Mechanism and function of the outer membrane channel TolC in multidrug resistance and physiology of Enterobacteria. Front Microbiol. 2011 Sep 16; 2: 189. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00189.Zgurskaya H.I., Krishnamoorthy G., Ntreh A., Lu S. Mechanism and function of the outer membrane channel TolC in multidrug resistance and physiology of Enterobacteria. Front Microbiol. 2011 Sep 16; 2: 189. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00189.Müller R.T., Pos K.M. The assembly and disassembly of the AcrAB-TolC three-component multidrug efflux pump. Biol Chem. 2015 Sep; 396 (9–10): 1083–1089. doi: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0150.Müller R.T., Pos K.M. The assembly and disassembly of the AcrAB-TolC three-component multidrug efflux pump. Biol Chem. 2015 Sep; 396 (9–10): 1083–1089. doi: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0150.Weston N., Sharma P., Ricci V., Piddock L.J.V. Regulation of the AcrABTolC efflux pump in Enterobacteriaceae. Res Microbiol. 2018 Sep-Oct; 169 (7–8): 425–431. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.10.005.Weston N., Sharma P., Ricci V., Piddock L.J.V. Regulation of the AcrABTolC efflux pump in Enterobacteriaceae. Res Microbiol. 2018 Sep-Oct; 169 (7–8): 425–431. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.10.005.Pos K.M. Drug transport mechanism of the AcrB efflux pump. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 May; 1794 (5): 782–93. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.12.015.Pos K.M. Drug transport mechanism of the AcrB efflux pump. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 May; 1794 (5): 782–93. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.12.015.Ma D., Alberti M., Lynch C., Nikaido H., Hearst J.E. The local repressor AcrR plays a modulating role in the regulation of acrAB genes of Escherichia coli by global stress signals. Mol Microbiol. 1996 Jan; 19 (1): 101–112. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.357881.x.Ma D., Alberti M., Lynch C., Nikaido H., Hearst J.E. The local repressor AcrR plays a modulating role in the regulation of acrAB genes of Escherichia coli by global stress signals. Mol Microbiol. 1996 Jan; 19 (1): 101–112. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.357881.x.Su C.C., Rutherford D.J., Yu E.W. Characterization of the multidrug efflux regulator AcrR from Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 14; 361 (1): 85–90. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.175.Su C.C., Rutherford D.J., Yu E.W. Characterization of the multidrug efflux regulator AcrR from Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 14; 361 (1): 85–90. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.175.Okusu H., Ma D., Nikaido H. AcrAB efflux pump plays a major role in the antibiotic resistance phenotype of Escherichia coli multiple-antibioticresistance (Mar) mutants. J Bacteriol. 1996 Jan; 178 (1): 306–308. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.1.306-308.1996.Okusu H., Ma D., Nikaido H. AcrAB efflux pump plays a major role in the antibiotic resistance phenotype of Escherichia coli multiple-antibioticresistance (Mar) mutants. J Bacteriol. 1996 Jan; 178 (1): 306–308. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.1.306-308.1996.Buffet-Bataillon S., Le Jeune A., Le Gall-David S., Bonnaure-Mallet M., Jolivet-Gougeon A. Molecular mechanisms of higher MICs of antibiotics and quaternary ammonium compounds for Escherichia coli isolated from bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Dec; 67 (12): 2837–2842. doi: 10.1093/jac/dks321.Buffet-Bataillon S., Le Jeune A., Le Gall-David S., Bonnaure-Mallet M., Jolivet-Gougeon A. Molecular mechanisms of higher MICs of antibiotics and quaternary ammonium compounds for Escherichia coli isolated from bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Dec; 67 (12): 2837–2842. doi: 10.1093/jac/dks321.Griffith K.L., Shah I.M., Wolf R.E. Jr. Proteolytic degradation of Escherichia coli transcription activators SoxS and MarA as the mechanism for reversing the induction of the superoxide (SoxRS) and multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulons. Mol Microbiol. 2004 Mar; 51 (6): 1801–1816. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03952.x.Griffith K.L., Shah I.M., Wolf R.E. Jr. Proteolytic degradation of Escherichia coli transcription activators SoxS and MarA as the mechanism for reversing the induction of the superoxide (SoxRS) and multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulons. Mol Microbiol. 2004 Mar; 51 (6): 1801–1816. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03952.x.Ricci V., Attah V., Overton T., Grainger D.C., Piddock L.J.V. CsrA maximizes expression of the AcrAB multidrug resistance transporter. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Dec 15; 45 (22): 12798–12807. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx929.Ricci V., Attah V., Overton T., Grainger D.C., Piddock L.J.V. CsrA maximizes expression of the AcrAB multidrug resistance transporter. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Dec 15; 45 (22): 12798–12807. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx929.Baucheron S., Coste F., Canepa S., Maurel M.C., Giraud E., Culard F., Castaing B., Roussel A., Cloeckaert A. Binding of the RamR repressor to wild-type and mutated promoters of the RamA gene involved in effluxmediated multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Feb; 56 (2): 942–8. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05444-11.Baucheron S., Coste F., Canepa S., Maurel M.C., Giraud E., Culard F., Castaing B., Roussel A., Cloeckaert A. Binding of the RamR repressor to wild-type and mutated promoters of the RamA gene involved in effluxmediated multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Feb; 56 (2): 942–8. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05444-11.Olliver A., Valle M., Chaslus-Dancla E., Cloeckaert A. Role of an acrR mutation in multidrug resistance of in vitro-selected fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Sep 1; 238 (1): 267–272. doi: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.07.046.Olliver A., Valle M., Chaslus-Dancla E., Cloeckaert A. Role of an acrR mutation in multidrug resistance of in vitro-selected fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Sep 1; 238 (1): 267–272. doi: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.07.046.Webber M.A., Talukder A., Piddock L.J. Contribution of mutation at amino acid 45 of AcrR to acrB expression and ciprofloxacin resistance in clinical and veterinary Escherichia coli isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Oct; 49 (10): 4390–4392. doi: 10.1128/AAC.49.10.4390-4392.2005.Webber M.A., Talukder A., Piddock L.J. Contribution of mutation at amino acid 45 of AcrR to acrB expression and ciprofloxacin resistance in clinical and veterinary Escherichia coli isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Oct; 49 (10): 4390–4392. doi: 10.1128/AAC.49.10.4390-4392.2005.Nicoloff H., Perreten V., McMurry L.M., Levy S.B. Role for tandem duplication and lon protease in AcrAB-TolC- dependent multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) in an Escherichia coli mutant without mutations in marRAB or acrRAB. J Bacteriol. 2006 Jun; 188 (12): 4413–4423. doi: 10.1128/JB.01502-05. PMID: 16740948; PMCID: PMC1482967.Nicoloff H., Perreten V., McMurry L.M., Levy S.B. Role for tandem duplication and lon protease in AcrAB-TolC- dependent multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) in an Escherichia coli mutant without mutations in marRAB or acrRAB. J Bacteriol. 2006 Jun; 188 (12): 4413–4423. doi: 10.1128/JB.01502-05. PMID: 16740948; PMCID: PMC1482967.Wand M.E., Darby E.M., Blair J.M.A., Sutton J.M. Contribution of the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC to the tolerance of chlorhexidine and other biocides in Klebsiella spp. J Med Microbiol. 2022 Mar; 71 (3): 001496. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.001496.Wand M.E., Darby E.M., Blair J.M.A., Sutton J.M. Contribution of the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC to the tolerance of chlorhexidine and other biocides in Klebsiella spp. J Med Microbiol. 2022 Mar; 71 (3): 001496. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.001496.Marshall R.L., Bavro V.N. Mutations in the TolC periplasmic domain affect substrate specificity of the AcrAB-TolC pump. Front Mol Biosci. 2020 Jul 21; 7: 166. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00166.Marshall R.L., Bavro V.N. Mutations in the TolC periplasmic domain affect substrate specificity of the AcrAB-TolC pump. Front Mol Biosci. 2020 Jul 21; 7: 166. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00166.Drew D., North R.A., Nagarathinam K., Tanabe M. Structures and general transport mechanisms by the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Chem Rev. 2021 May 12; 121 (9): 5289–5335. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00983.Drew D., North R.A., Nagarathinam K., Tanabe M. Structures and general transport mechanisms by the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Chem Rev. 2021 May 12; 121 (9): 5289–5335. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00983.Kaatz G.W., Seo S.M. Inducible NorA-mediated multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Dec; 39 (12): 2650–2655. doi: 10.1128/AAC.39.12.2650.Kaatz G.W., Seo S.M. Inducible NorA-mediated multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Dec; 39 (12): 2650–2655. doi: 10.1128/AAC.39.12.2650.LaBreck P.T., Bochi-Layec A.C., Stanbro J., Dabbah-Krancher G., Simons M.P., Merrell D.S. Systematic Analysis of efflux pump-mediated antiseptic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus suggests a need for greater antiseptic stewardship. mSphere. 2020 Jan 15; 5 (1): e00959-19. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00959-19.LaBreck P.T., Bochi-Layec A.C., Stanbro J., Dabbah-Krancher G., Simons M.P., Merrell D.S. Systematic Analysis of efflux pump-mediated antiseptic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus suggests a need for greater antiseptic stewardship. mSphere. 2020 Jan 15; 5 (1): e00959-19. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00959-19.Huet A.A., Raygada J.L., Mendiratta K., Seo S.M., Kaatz G.W. Multidrug efflux pump overexpression in Staphylococcus aureus after single and multiple in vitro exposures to biocides and dyes. Microbiology (Reading). 2008 Oct; 154 (Pt 10): 3144–3153. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/021188-0.Huet A.A., Raygada J.L., Mendiratta K., Seo S.M., Kaatz G.W. Multidrug efflux pump overexpression in Staphylococcus aureus after single and multiple in vitro exposures to biocides and dyes. Microbiology (Reading). 2008 Oct; 154 (Pt 10): 3144–3153. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/021188-0.Kaatz G.W., Seo S.M., Foster T.J. Introduction of a norA promoter region mutation into the chromosome of a fluoroquinolone-susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus using plasmid integration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Sep; 43 (9): 2222–2224. doi: 10.1128/AAC.43.9.2222.Kaatz G.W., Seo S.M., Foster T.J. Introduction of a norA promoter region mutation into the chromosome of a fluoroquinolone-susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus using plasmid integration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Sep; 43 (9): 2222–2224. doi: 10.1128/AAC.43.9.2222.DeMarco C.E., Cushing L.A., Frempong-Manso E., Seo S.M., Jaravaza T.A., Kaatz G.W. Efflux-related resistance to norfloxacin, dyes, and biocides in bloodstream isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Sep; 51 (9): 3235–3239. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00430-07.DeMarco C.E., Cushing L.A., Frempong-Manso E., Seo S.M., Jaravaza T.A., Kaatz G.W. Efflux-related resistance to norfloxacin, dyes, and biocides in bloodstream isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Sep; 51 (9): 3235–3239. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00430-07.Popowska M., Krawczyk-Balska A. Broad-host-range IncP-1 plasmids and their resistance potential. Front Microbiol. 2013 Mar 7; 4: 44. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00044.Popowska M., Krawczyk-Balska A. Broad-host-range IncP-1 plasmids and their resistance potential. Front Microbiol. 2013 Mar 7; 4: 44. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00044.Furi L., Haigh R., Al Jabri Z.J., Morrissey I., Ou .HY., León-Sampedro R., Martinez J.L., Coque T.M., Oggioni M.R. Dissemination of novel antimicrobial resistance mechanisms through the Insertion sequence mediated spread of metabolic genes. Front Microbiol. 2016 Jun 28; 7: 1008. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01008.Furi L., Haigh R., Al Jabri Z.J., Morrissey I., Ou .HY., León-Sampedro R., Martinez J.L., Coque T.M., Oggioni M.R. Dissemination of novel antimicrobial resistance mechanisms through the Insertion sequence mediated spread of metabolic genes. Front Microbiol. 2016 Jun 28; 7: 1008. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01008.Malachowa N., DeLeo F.R. Mobile genetic elements of Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010 Sep; 67 (18): 3057–3071. doi: 10.1007/s00018-010-0389-4.Malachowa N., DeLeo F.R. Mobile genetic elements of Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010 Sep; 67 (18): 3057–3071. doi: 10.1007/s00018-010-0389-4.Baines S.L., Jensen S.O., Firth N., Gonçalves da Silva A., Seemann T., Carter G.P., Williamson D.A., Howden B.P., Stinear T.P. Remodeling of pSK1 family plasmids and enhanced chlorhexidine tolerance in a dominant hospital lineage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Apr 25; 63 (5): e02356–18. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02356-18.Baines S.L., Jensen S.O., Firth N., Gonçalves da Silva A., Seemann T., Carter G.P., Williamson D.A., Howden B.P., Stinear T.P. Remodeling of pSK1 family plasmids and enhanced chlorhexidine tolerance in a dominant hospital lineage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Apr 25; 63 (5): e02356–18. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02356-18.Alam M.M., Kobayashi N., Uehara N., Watanabe N. Analysis on distribution and genomic diversity of high-level antiseptic resistance genes qacA and qacB in human clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Drug Resist. 2003 Summer; 9 (2): 109–121. doi: 10.1089/107662903765826697.Alam M.M., Kobayashi N., Uehara N., Watanabe N. Analysis on distribution and genomic diversity of high-level antiseptic resistance genes qacA and qacB in human clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Drug Resist. 2003 Summer; 9 (2): 109–121. doi: 10.1089/107662903765826697.Hansen L.H., Johannesen E., Burmølle M., Sørensen A.H., Sørensen S.J. Plasmid-encoded multidrug efflux pump conferring resistance to olaquindox in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Sep; 48 (9): 3332–3337. doi: 10.1128/AAC.48.9.3332-3337.2004.Hansen L.H., Johannesen E., Burmølle M., Sørensen A.H., Sørensen S.J. Plasmid-encoded multidrug efflux pump conferring resistance to olaquindox in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Sep; 48 (9): 3332–3337. doi: 10.1128/AAC.48.9.3332-3337.2004.Yamada Y., Shiota S., Mizushima T., Kuroda T., Tsuchiya T. Functional gene cloning and characterization of MdeA, a multidrug efflux pump from Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Apr; 29 (4): 801–804. doi: 10.1248/bpb.29.801.Yamada Y., Shiota S., Mizushima T., Kuroda T., Tsuchiya T. Functional gene cloning and characterization of MdeA, a multidrug efflux pump from Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Apr; 29 (4): 801–804. doi: 10.1248/bpb.29.801.Sulavik M.C., Houseweart C., Cramer C., Jiwani N., Murgolo N., Greene J., DiDomenico B., Shaw K.J., Miller G.H., Hare R., Shimer G. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli strains lacking multidrug efflux pump genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr; 45 (4): 1126–1136. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.4.1126-1136.2001.Sulavik M.C., Houseweart C., Cramer C., Jiwani N., Murgolo N., Greene J., DiDomenico B., Shaw K.J., Miller G.H., Hare R., Shimer G. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli strains lacking multidrug efflux pump genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr; 45 (4): 1126–1136. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.4.1126-1136.2001.Srinivasan V.B., Rajamohan G. KpnEF, a new member of the Klebsiella pneumoniae cell envelope stress response regulon, is an SMR-type efflux pump involved in broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Sep; 57 (9): 4449–4462. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02284-12.Srinivasan V.B., Rajamohan G. KpnEF, a new member of the Klebsiella pneumoniae cell envelope stress response regulon, is an SMR-type efflux pump involved in broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Sep; 57 (9): 4449–4462. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02284-12.Magnet S., Courvalin P., Lambert T. Resistance-nodulation-cell divisiontype efflux pump involved in aminoglycoside resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii strain BM4454. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Dec; 45 (12): 3375–3380. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.12.3375-3380.2001.Magnet S., Courvalin P., Lambert T. Resistance-nodulation-cell divisiontype efflux pump involved in aminoglycoside resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii strain BM4454. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Dec; 45 (12): 3375–3380. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.12.3375-3380.2001.Rajamohan G., Srinivasan V.B., Gebreyes W.A. Novel role of Acinetobacter baumannii RND efflux transporters in mediating decreased susceptibility to biocides. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010 Feb; 65 (2): 228–232. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp427.Rajamohan G., Srinivasan V.B., Gebreyes W.A. Novel role of Acinetobacter baumannii RND efflux transporters in mediating decreased susceptibility to biocides. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010 Feb; 65 (2): 228–232. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp427.Damier-Piolle L., Magnet S., Brémont S., Lambert T., Courvalin P. AdeIJK, a resistance-nodulation-cell division pump effluxing multiple antibiotics in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Feb; 52 (2): 557–62. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00732-07.Damier-Piolle L., Magnet S., Brémont S., Lambert T., Courvalin P. AdeIJK, a resistance-nodulation-cell division pump effluxing multiple antibiotics in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Feb; 52 (2): 557–62. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00732-07.Srinivasan V.B., Rajamohan G., Pancholi P., Marcon M., Gebreyes W.A. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two novel membrane fusion proteins in conferring antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Mar; 66 (3): 499–504. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkq469.Srinivasan V.B., Rajamohan G., Pancholi P., Marcon M., Gebreyes W.A. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two novel membrane fusion proteins in conferring antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Mar; 66 (3): 499–504. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkq469.Srinivasan V.B., Rajamohan G., Gebreyes W.A. Role of AbeS, a novel efflux pump of the SMR family of transporters, in resistance to antimicrobial agents in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Dec; 53 (12): 5312–5316. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00748-09.Srinivasan V.B., Rajamohan G., Gebreyes W.A. Role of AbeS, a novel efflux pump of the SMR family of transporters, in resistance to antimicrobial agents in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Dec; 53 (12): 5312–5316. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00748-09.Soumet C., Fourreau E., Legrandois P., Maris P. Resistance to phenicol compounds following adaptation to quaternary ammonium compounds in Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol. 2012 Jul 6; 158 (1–2): 147–52. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.030.Soumet C., Fourreau E., Legrandois P., Maris P. Resistance to phenicol compounds following adaptation to quaternary ammonium compounds in Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol. 2012 Jul 6; 158 (1–2): 147–52. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.030.Nishino K., Yamaguchi A. Analysis of a complete library of putative drug transporter genes in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2001 Oct; 183 (20): 5803–5812. doi: 10.1128/JB.183.20.5803-5812.2001.Nishino K., Yamaguchi A. Analysis of a complete library of putative drug transporter genes in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2001 Oct; 183 (20): 5803–5812. doi: 10.1128/JB.183.20.5803-5812.2001.Nishino K., Yamaguchi A. Analysis of a complete library of putative drug transporter genes in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2001 Oct; 183 (20): 5803–12. doi: 10.1128/JB.183.20.5803-5812.2001.Nishino K., Yamaguchi A. Analysis of a complete library of putative drug transporter genes in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2001 Oct; 183 (20): 5803–12. doi: 10.1128/JB.183.20.5803-5812.2001.Masuda N., Church G.M. Escherichia coli gene expression responsive to levels of the response regulator EvgA. J Bacteriol. 2002 Nov; 184 (22): 6225–6234. doi: 10.1128/JB.184.22.6225-6234.2002.Masuda N., Church G.M. Escherichia coli gene expression responsive to levels of the response regulator EvgA. J Bacteriol. 2002 Nov; 184 (22): 6225–6234. doi: 10.1128/JB.184.22.6225-6234.2002.Amsalu A., Sapula S.A., De Barros Lopes M., Hart B.J., Nguyen A.H., Drigo B., Turnidge J., Leong L.E., Venter H. Efflux pump-driven antibiotic and biocide cross-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different ecological niches: a case study in the development of multidrug resistance in environmental hotspots. Microorganisms. 2020 Oct 24; 8 (11): 1647. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111647.Amsalu A., Sapula S.A., De Barros Lopes M., Hart B.J., Nguyen A.H., Drigo B., Turnidge J., Leong L.E., Venter H. Efflux pump-driven antibiotic and biocide cross-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different ecological niches: a case study in the development of multidrug resistance in environmental hotspots. Microorganisms. 2020 Oct 24; 8 (11): 1647. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111647.He G.X., Kuroda T., Mima T., Morita Y., Mizushima T., Tsuchiya T. An H(+)-coupled multidrug efflux pump, PmpM, a member of the MATE family of transporters, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 2004 Jan; 186 (1): 262–265. doi: 10.1128/JB.186.1.262-265.2004.He G.X., Kuroda T., Mima T., Morita Y., Mizushima T., Tsuchiya T. An H(+)-coupled multidrug efflux pump, PmpM, a member of the MATE family of transporters, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 2004 Jan; 186 (1): 262–265. doi: 10.1128/JB.186.1.262-265.2004.Wong M.H., Chan E.W., Chen S. Evolution and dissemination of OqxABlike efflux pumps, an emerging quinolone resistance determinant among members of Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015; 59 (6): 3290–3297. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00310-15.Wong M.H., Chan E.W., Chen S. Evolution and dissemination of OqxABlike efflux pumps, an emerging quinolone resistance determinant among members of Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015; 59 (6): 3290–3297. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00310-15.Veleba M., Higgins P.G., Gonzalez G., Seifert H., Schneiders T. Characterization of RarA, a novel AraC family multidrug resistance regulator in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Aug; 56 (8): 4450–4458. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00456-12.Veleba M., Higgins P.G., Gonzalez G., Seifert H., Schneiders T. Characterization of RarA, a novel AraC family multidrug resistance regulator in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Aug; 56 (8): 4450–4458. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00456-12.Bialek-Davenet S., Lavigne J.P., Guyot K., Mayer N., Tournebize R., Brisse S., Leflon-Guibout V., Nicolas-Chanoine M.H. Differential contribution of AcrAB and OqxAB efflux pumps to multidrug resistance and virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Jan; 70 (1): 81–88. doi: 10.1093/jac/dku340.Bialek-Davenet S., Lavigne J.P., Guyot K., Mayer N., Tournebize R., Brisse S., Leflon-Guibout V., Nicolas-Chanoine M.H. Differential contribution of AcrAB and OqxAB efflux pumps to multidrug resistance and virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Jan; 70 (1): 81–88. doi: 10.1093/jac/dku340.Pagès J.M., Masi M., Barbe J. Inhibitors of efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. Trends Mol Med. 2005 Aug; 11 (8): 382–389. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.06.006.Pagès J.M., Masi M., Barbe J. Inhibitors of efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. Trends Mol Med. 2005 Aug; 11 (8): 382–389. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.06.006.Nakashima R., Sakurai K., Yamasaki S., Hayashi K., Nagata C., Hoshino K., Onodera Y., Nishino K., Yamaguchi A. Structural basis for the inhibition of bacterial multidrug exporters. Nature. 2013 Aug 1; 500 (7460): 102–106. doi: 10.1038/nature12300.Nakashima R., Sakurai K., Yamasaki S., Hayashi K., Nagata C., Hoshino K., Onodera Y., Nishino K., Yamaguchi A. Structural basis for the inhibition of bacterial multidrug exporters. Nature. 2013 Aug 1; 500 (7460): 102–106. doi: 10.1038/nature12300.Shaheen A., Afridi W.A., Mahboob S., Sana M., Zeeshan N., Ismat F., Mirza O., Iqbal M., Rahman M. Reserpine is the new addition into the repertoire of AcrB efflux pump inhibitors. Mol Biol (Mosk). 2019 Jul–Aug; 53 (4): 674–684. (in Russian). doi: 10.1134/S0026898419040128.Shaheen A., Afridi W.A., Mahboob S., Sana M., Zeeshan N., Ismat F., Mirza O., Iqbal M., Rahman M. Reserpine is the new addition into the repertoire of AcrB efflux pump inhibitors. Mol Biol (Mosk). 2019 Jul–Aug; 53 (4): 674–684. (in Russian). doi: 10.1134/S0026898419040128.Achouak W., Heulin T., Pagès J.M. Multiple facets of bacterial porins. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 May 15; 199 (1): 1–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10642.x.Achouak W., Heulin T., Pagès J.M. Multiple facets of bacterial porins. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 May 15; 199 (1): 1–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10642.x.Bore E., Hébraud M., Chafsey I., Chambon C., Skjæret C., Moen B., Møretrø T., Langsrud Ø., Rudi K., Langsrud S. Adapted tolerance to benzalkonium chloride in Escherichia coli K-12 studied by transcriptome and proteome analyses. Microbiology (Reading). 2007 Apr; 153 (Pt 4): 935–946. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.29288-0.Bore E., Hébraud M., Chafsey I., Chambon C., Skjæret C., Moen B., Møretrø T., Langsrud Ø., Rudi K., Langsrud S. Adapted tolerance to benzalkonium chloride in Escherichia coli K-12 studied by transcriptome and proteome analyses. Microbiology (Reading). 2007 Apr; 153 (Pt 4): 935–946. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.29288-0.Frenzel E., Schmidt S., Niederweis M., Steinhauer K. Importance of porins for biocide efficacy against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 May; 77 (9): 3068–3073. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02492-10.Frenzel E., Schmidt S., Niederweis M., Steinhauer K. Importance of porins for biocide efficacy against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 May; 77 (9): 3068–3073. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02492-10.Machado I., Coquet L., Jouenne T., Pereira M.O. Proteomic approach to Pseudomonas aeruginosa adaptive resistance to benzalkonium chloride. J Proteomics. 2013 Aug 26; 89: 273–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.030.Machado I., Coquet L., Jouenne T., Pereira M.O. Proteomic approach to Pseudomonas aeruginosa adaptive resistance to benzalkonium chloride. J Proteomics. 2013 Aug 26; 89: 273–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.030.Kim M., Hatt J.K., Weigand M.R., Krishnan R., Pavlostathis S.G., Konstantinidis K.T. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into how bacteria withstand high concentrations of benzalkonium chloride biocides. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2018 May 31; 84 (12): e00197–18. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00197-18.Kim M., Hatt J.K., Weigand M.R., Krishnan R., Pavlostathis S.G., Konstantinidis K.T. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into how bacteria withstand high concentrations of benzalkonium chloride biocides. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2018 May 31; 84 (12): e00197–18. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00197-18.Cowan S.W., Schirmer T., Rummel G., Steiert M., Ghosh R., Pauptit R.A., Jansonius J.N., Rosenbusch J.P. Crystal structures explain functional properties of two E.coli porins. Nature. 1992 Aug 27; 358 (6389): 727–733. doi: 10.1038/358727a0.Cowan S.W., Schirmer T., Rummel G., Steiert M., Ghosh R., Pauptit R.A., Jansonius J.N., Rosenbusch J.P. Crystal structures explain functional properties of two E.coli porins. Nature. 1992 Aug 27; 358 (6389): 727–733. doi: 10.1038/358727a0.Lou K.L., Saint N., Prilipov A., Rummel G., Benson S.A., Rosenbusch J.P., Schirmer T. Structural and functional characterization of OmpF porin mutants selected for larger pore size. I. Crystallographic analysis. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23; 271 (34): 20669–20675.Lou K.L., Saint N., Prilipov A., Rummel G., Benson S.A., Rosenbusch J.P., Schirmer T. Structural and functional characterization of OmpF porin mutants selected for larger pore size. I. Crystallographic analysis. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23; 271 (34): 20669–20675.Dutzler R., Rummel G., Albertí S., Hernández-Allés S., Phale P., Rosenbusch J., Benedí V., Schirmer T. Crystal structure and functional characterization of OmpK36, the osmoporin of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Structure. 1999 Apr 15; 7 (4): 425–434. doi: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80055-0.Dutzler R., Rummel G., Albertí S., Hernández-Allés S., Phale P., Rosenbusch J., Benedí V., Schirmer T. Crystal structure and functional characterization of OmpK36, the osmoporin of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Structure. 1999 Apr 15; 7 (4): 425–434. doi: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80055-0.Baslé A., Rummel G., Storici P., Rosenbusch J.P., Schirmer T. Crystal structure of osmoporin OmpC from E. coli at 2.0 A. J Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 6; 362 (5): 933–942. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.002.Baslé A., Rummel G., Storici P., Rosenbusch J.P., Schirmer T. Crystal structure of osmoporin OmpC from E. coli at 2.0 A. J Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 6; 362 (5): 933–942. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.002.Dé E., Baslé A., Jaquinod M., Saint N., Malléa M., Molle G., Pagès J.M. A new mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae induced by a structural modification of the major porin. Mol Microbiol. 2001 Jul; 41 (1): 189–198. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02501.x.Dé E., Baslé A., Jaquinod M., Saint N., Malléa M., Molle G., Pagès J.M. A new mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae induced by a structural modification of the major porin. Mol Microbiol. 2001 Jul; 41 (1): 189–198. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02501.x.Thiolas A., Bornet C., Davin-Régli A., Pagès J.M., Bollet C. Resistance to imipenem, cefepime, and cefpirome associated with mutation in Omp36 osmoporin of Enterobacter aerogenes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 May 7; 317 (3): 851–856. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.130.Thiolas A., Bornet C., Davin-Régli A., Pagès J.M., Bollet C. Resistance to imipenem, cefepime, and cefpirome associated with mutation in Omp36 osmoporin of Enterobacter aerogenes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 May 7; 317 (3): 851–856. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.130.García-Fernández A., Miriagou V., Papagiannitsis C.C., Giordano A., Venditti M., Mancini C., Carattoli A. An ertapenem-resistant extendedspectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clone carries a novel OmpK36 porin variant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Oct; 54 (10): 4178–4184. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01301-09.García-Fernández A., Miriagou V., Papagiannitsis C.C., Giordano A., Venditti M., Mancini C., Carattoli A. An ertapenem-resistant extendedspectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clone carries a novel OmpK36 porin variant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Oct; 54 (10): 4178–4184. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01301-09.Saint N., Lou K.L., Widmer C., Luckey M., Schirmer T., Rosenbusch J.P. Structural and functional characterization of OmpF porin mutants selected for larger pore size. II. Functional characterization. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23; 271 (34): 20676–20680.Saint N., Lou K.L., Widmer C., Luckey M., Schirmer T., Rosenbusch J.P. Structural and functional characterization of OmpF porin mutants selected for larger pore size. II. Functional characterization. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23; 271 (34): 20676–20680.Simonet V., Malléa M., Pagès J.M. Substitutions in the eyelet region disrupt cefepime diffusion through the Escherichia coli OmpF channel. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Feb; 44 (2): 311–315. doi: 10.1128/AAC.44.2.311-315.2000.Simonet V., Malléa M., Pagès J.M. Substitutions in the eyelet region disrupt cefepime diffusion through the Escherichia coli OmpF channel. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Feb; 44 (2): 311–315. doi: 10.1128/AAC.44.2.311-315.2000.Phale P.S., Philippsen A., Widmer C., Phale V.P., Rosenbusch J.P., Schirmer T. Role of charged residues at the OmpF porin channel constriction probed by mutagenesis and simulation. Biochemistry. 2001 May 29; 40 (21): 6319–6325. doi: 10.1021/bi010046k.Phale P.S., Philippsen A., Widmer C., Phale V.P., Rosenbusch J.P., Schirmer T. Role of charged residues at the OmpF porin channel constriction probed by mutagenesis and simulation. Biochemistry. 2001 May 29; 40 (21): 6319–6325. doi: 10.1021/bi010046k.Bredin J., Saint N., Malléa M., Dé E., Molle G., Pagès J.M., Simonet V. Alteration of pore properties of Escherichia coli OmpF induced by mutation of key residues in anti-loop 3 region. Biochem J. 2002 May 1; 363 (Pt 3): 521–528. doi: 10.1042/0264-6021:3630521.Bredin J., Saint N., Malléa M., Dé E., Molle G., Pagès J.M., Simonet V. Alteration of pore properties of Escherichia coli OmpF induced by mutation of key residues in anti-loop 3 region. Biochem J. 2002 May 1; 363 (Pt 3): 521–528. doi: 10.1042/0264-6021:3630521.Merchel Piovesan Pereira B., Wang X., Tagkopoulos I. Biocide-Induced Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol. 2021 Feb 26; 12: 640923. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.640923.Merchel Piovesan Pereira B., Wang X., Tagkopoulos I. Biocide-Induced Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol. 2021 Feb 26; 12: 640923. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.640923.Holden E.R., Webber M.A. MarA, RamA, and SoxS as mediators of the stress response: survival at a cost. Front Microbiol. 2020 May 5; 11: 828. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00828.Holden E.R., Webber M.A. MarA, RamA, and SoxS as mediators of the stress response: survival at a cost. Front Microbiol. 2020 May 5; 11: 828. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00828.Chubiz L.M., Rao C.V. Role of the mar-sox-rob regulon in regulating outer membrane porin expression. J Bacteriol. 2011 May; 193 (9): 2252–60. doi: 10.1128/JB.01382-10.Chubiz L.M., Rao C.V. Role of the mar-sox-rob regulon in regulating outer membrane porin expression. J Bacteriol. 2011 May; 193 (9): 2252–60. doi: 10.1128/JB.01382-10.Merchel Piovesan Pereira B., Tagkopoulos I. Benzalkonium chlorides: uses, regulatory status, and microbial resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019 Jun 17; 85 (13): e00377–19. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00377-19.Merchel Piovesan Pereira B., Tagkopoulos I. Benzalkonium chlorides: uses, regulatory status, and microbial resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019 Jun 17; 85 (13): e00377–19. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00377-19.Sakagami Y., Yokoyama H., Nishimura H., Ose Y., Tashima T. Mechanism of resistance to benzalkonium chloride by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989 Aug; 55 (8): 2036–40. doi: 10.1128/aem.55.8.2036-2040.1989.Sakagami Y., Yokoyama H., Nishimura H., Ose Y., Tashima T. Mechanism of resistance to benzalkonium chloride by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989 Aug; 55 (8): 2036–40. doi: 10.1128/aem.55.8.2036-2040.1989.Méchin L., Dubois-Brissonnet F., Heyd B., Leveau J.Y. Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 to didecyldimethylammonium bromide induces changes in membrane fatty acid composition and in resistance of cells. J Appl Microbiol. 1999 May; 86 (5): 859–866. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00770.x.Méchin L., Dubois-Brissonnet F., Heyd B., Leveau J.Y. Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 to didecyldimethylammonium bromide induces changes in membrane fatty acid composition and in resistance of cells. J Appl Microbiol. 1999 May; 86 (5): 859–866. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00770.x.Guerin-Mechin L., Dubois-Brissonnet F., Heyd B., Leveau J.Y. Quaternary ammonium compound stresses induce specific variations in fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Food Microbiol. 2000 Apr 10; 55 (1–3): 157–9. doi: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00189-6.Guerin-Mechin L., Dubois-Brissonnet F., Heyd B., Leveau J.Y. Quaternary ammonium compound stresses induce specific variations in fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Food Microbiol. 2000 Apr 10; 55 (1–3): 157–9. doi: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00189-6.Tattawasart U., Hann A.C., Maillard J.Y., Furr J.R., Russell A.D. Cytological changes in chlorhexidine-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas stutzeri. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Feb; 45 (2): 145–152. doi: 10.1093/jac/45.2.145.Tattawasart U., Hann A.C., Maillard J.Y., Furr J.R., Russell A.D. Cytological changes in chlorhexidine-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas stutzeri. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Feb; 45 (2): 145–152. doi: 10.1093/jac/45.2.145.Ishikawa S., Matsumura Y., Yoshizako F., Tsuchido T. Characterization of a cationic surfactant-resistant mutant isolated spontaneously from Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol. 2002; 92 (2): 261–268. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01526.x.Ishikawa S., Matsumura Y., Yoshizako F., Tsuchido T. Characterization of a cationic surfactant-resistant mutant isolated spontaneously from Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol. 2002; 92 (2): 261–268. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01526.x.Oh S., Tandukar M., Pavlostathis S.G., Chain P.S., Konstantinidis K.T. Microbial community adaptation to quaternary ammonium biocides as revealed by metagenomics. Environ Microbiol. 2013 Oct; 15 (10): 2850–2864. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12154.Oh S., Tandukar M., Pavlostathis S.G., Chain P.S., Konstantinidis K.T. Microbial community adaptation to quaternary ammonium biocides as revealed by metagenomics. Environ Microbiol. 2013 Oct; 15 (10): 2850–2864. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12154.Oh S., Kurt Z., Tsementzi D., Weigand M.R., Kim M., Hatt J.K., Tandukar M., Pavlostathis S.G., Spain J.C., Konstantinidis K.T. Microbial community degradation of widely used quaternary ammonium disinfectants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Oct; 80 (19): 5892–5900. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01255-14.Oh S., Kurt Z., Tsementzi D., Weigand M.R., Kim M., Hatt J.K., Tandukar M., Pavlostathis S.G., Spain J.C., Konstantinidis K.T. Microbial community degradation of widely used quaternary ammonium disinfectants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Oct; 80 (19): 5892–5900. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01255-14.Liffourrena A.S., Lucchesi G.I. Identification, cloning and biochemical characterization of Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633) monooxygenase enzyme necessary for the metabolism of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2014 May; 173 (2): 552–561. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-0862-x.Liffourrena A.S., Lucchesi G.I. Identification, cloning and biochemical characterization of Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633) monooxygenase enzyme necessary for the metabolism of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2014 May; 173 (2): 552–561. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-0862-x.Patrauchan M.A., Oriel P.J. Degradation of benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride by Aeromonas hydrophila sp. K. J Appl Microbiol. 2003; 94 (2): 266–72. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01829.x.Patrauchan M.A., Oriel P.J. Degradation of benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride by Aeromonas hydrophila sp. K. J Appl Microbiol. 2003; 94 (2): 266–72. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01829.x.Tezel U., Tandukar M., Martinez R.J., Sobecky P.A., Pavlostathis S.G. Aerobic biotransformation of n-tetradecylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride by an enriched Pseudomonas spp. community. Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Aug 21; 46 (16): 8714–8722. doi: 10.1021/es300518c.Tezel U., Tandukar M., Martinez R.J., Sobecky P.A., Pavlostathis S.G. Aerobic biotransformation of n-tetradecylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride by an enriched Pseudomonas spp. community. Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Aug 21; 46 (16): 8714–8722. doi: 10.1021/es300518c.Ertekin E., Konstantinidis K.T., Tezel U. A rieske-type oxygenase of Pseudomonas sp. BIOMIG1 converts benzalkonium chlorides to benzyldimethyl amine. Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Jan 3; 51 (1): 175–181. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03705.Ertekin E., Konstantinidis K.T., Tezel U. A rieske-type oxygenase of Pseudomonas sp. BIOMIG1 converts benzalkonium chlorides to benzyldimethyl amine. Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Jan 3; 51 (1): 175–181. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03705.Hill G.A., Robinson C.W. Substrate inhibition kinetics: phenol degradation by Pseudomonas putida. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1975; 17: 599–615.Hill G.A., Robinson C.W. Substrate inhibition kinetics: phenol degradation by Pseudomonas putida. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1975; 17: 599–615.Adroer N., Casas C., de Mas C., Solà C. Mechanism of formaldehyde biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1990 May; 33 (2): 217–20. doi: 10.1007/BF00176528.Adroer N., Casas C., de Mas C., Solà C. Mechanism of formaldehyde biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1990 May; 33 (2): 217–20. doi: 10.1007/BF00176528.Ahmed A.M., Nakhla F.G., Farooq S. Phenol degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Environ Sci Health A: Environ Sci Eng Toxicol. 1994; 30: 99–107.Ahmed A.M., Nakhla F.G., Farooq S. Phenol degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Environ Sci Health A: Environ Sci Eng Toxicol. 1994; 30: 99–107.Kumar A. Kumar S. Kumar S. Biodegradation kinetics of phenol and catechol using Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1194. Biochem Eng J. 2005; 22: 151–159. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2004.09.006.Kumar A. Kumar S. Kumar S. Biodegradation kinetics of phenol and catechol using Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1194. Biochem Eng J. 2005; 22: 151–159. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2004.09.006.Agarry S.E., Solomon B.O. Kinetics of batch microbial degradation of phenols by indigenous Pseudomonas fluorescence. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2008; 5: 223–232.Agarry S.E., Solomon B.O. Kinetics of batch microbial degradation of phenols by indigenous Pseudomonas fluorescence. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2008; 5: 223–232.Hasan S.A., Jabeen S. Degradation kinetics and pathway of phenol by Pseudomonas and Bacillus species. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2015 Jan 2; 29 (1): 45–53. doi: 10.1080/13102818.2014.991638.Hasan S.A., Jabeen S. Degradation kinetics and pathway of phenol by Pseudomonas and Bacillus species. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2015 Jan 2; 29 (1): 45–53. doi: 10.1080/13102818.2014.991638.Kümmerle N., Feucht H.H., Kaulfers P.M. Plasmid-mediated formaldehyde resistance in Escherichia coli: characterization of resistance gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Oct; 40 (10): 2276–2279. doi: 10.1128/AAC.40.10.2276.Kümmerle N., Feucht H.H., Kaulfers P.M. Plasmid-mediated formaldehyde resistance in Escherichia coli: characterization of resistance gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Oct; 40 (10): 2276–2279. doi: 10.1128/AAC.40.10.2276.Roca A., Rodríguez-Herva J.J., Duque E., Ramos J.L. Physiological responses of Pseudomonas putida to formaldehyde during detoxification. Microb Biotechnol. 2008 Mar; 1 (2): 158–69. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2007.00014.x.Roca A., Rodríguez-Herva J.J., Duque E., Ramos J.L. Physiological responses of Pseudomonas putida to formaldehyde during detoxification. Microb Biotechnol. 2008 Mar; 1 (2): 158–69. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2007.00014.x.Mishra S., Imlay J. Why do bacteria use so many enzymes to scavenge hydrogen peroxide? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Sep 15; 525 (2): 145–160. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.014.Mishra S., Imlay J. Why do bacteria use so many enzymes to scavenge hydrogen peroxide? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Sep 15; 525 (2): 145–160. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.014.Costerton J.W., Lewandowski Z., Caldwell D.E., Korber D.R., Lappin-Scott H.M. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1995; 49: 711–745. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431.Costerton J.W., Lewandowski Z., Caldwell D.E., Korber D.R., Lappin-Scott H.M. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1995; 49: 711–745. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431.Branda S.S., Vik S., Friedman L., Kolter R. Biofilms: the matrix revisited. Trends Microbiol. 2005 Jan; 13 (1): 20–26. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006.Branda S.S., Vik S., Friedman L., Kolter R. Biofilms: the matrix revisited. Trends Microbiol. 2005 Jan; 13 (1): 20–26. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006.Smith K., Hunter I.S. Efficacy of common hospital biocides with biofilms of multi-drug resistant clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol. 2008 Aug; 57(Pt 8): 966–973. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.47668-0.Smith K., Hunter I.S. Efficacy of common hospital biocides with biofilms of multi-drug resistant clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol. 2008 Aug; 57(Pt 8): 966–973. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.47668-0.Wong H.S., Townsend K.M., Fenwick S.G., Trengove R.D., O'Handley R.M. Comparative susceptibility of planktonic and 3-day-old Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms to disinfectants. J Appl Microbiol. 2010 Jun; 108 (6): 2222–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04630.x.Wong H.S., Townsend K.M., Fenwick S.G., Trengove R.D., O'Handley R.M. Comparative susceptibility of planktonic and 3-day-old Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms to disinfectants. J Appl Microbiol. 2010 Jun; 108 (6): 2222–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04630.x.Houari A., Di Martino P. Effect of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride on bacterial biofilm formation. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007 Dec; 45 (6): 652–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02249.x.Houari A., Di Martino P. Effect of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride on bacterial biofilm formation. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007 Dec; 45 (6): 652–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02249.x.Pagedar A., Singh J., Batish V.K. Adaptation to benzalkonium chloride and ciprofloxacin affects biofilm formation potential, efflux pump and haemolysin activity of Escherichia coli of dairy origin. J Dairy Res. 2012 Nov; 79 (4): 383–9. doi: 10.1017/S0022029912000295.Pagedar A., Singh J., Batish V.K. Adaptation to benzalkonium chloride and ciprofloxacin affects biofilm formation potential, efflux pump and haemolysin activity of Escherichia coli of dairy origin. J Dairy Res. 2012 Nov; 79 (4): 383–9. doi: 10.1017/S0022029912000295.Machado I., Lopes S.P., Sousa A.M., Pereira M.O. Adaptive response of single and binary Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli biofilms to benzalkonium chloride. J Basic Microbiol. 2012 Feb; 52 (1): 43–52. doi: 10.1002/jobm.201100137.Machado I., Lopes S.P., Sousa A.M., Pereira M.O. Adaptive response of single and binary Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli biofilms to benzalkonium chloride. J Basic Microbiol. 2012 Feb; 52 (1): 43–52. doi: 10.1002/jobm.201100137.Nakamura H., Takakura K., Sone Y., Itano Y., Nishikawa Y. Biofilm formation and resistance to benzalkonium chloride in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from a fish processing plant. J Food Prot. 2013 Jul; 76 (7): 1179–1186. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-225.Nakamura H., Takakura K., Sone Y., Itano Y., Nishikawa Y. Biofilm formation and resistance to benzalkonium chloride in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from a fish processing plant. J Food Prot. 2013 Jul; 76 (7): 1179–1186. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-225.Houari A., Di Martino P. Effect of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride on bacterial biofilm formation. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007; 45: 652–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02249.x.Houari A., Di Martino P. Effect of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride on bacterial biofilm formation. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007; 45: 652–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02249.x.Stoodley P., Sauer K., Davies D.G., Costerton J.W. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002; 56: 187–209. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705.Stoodley P., Sauer K., Davies D.G., Costerton J.W. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002; 56: 187–209. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705.Zakikhany K., Harrington C.R., Nimtz M., Hinton J.C., Römling U. Unphosphorylated CsgD controls biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mol Microbiol. 2010 Aug; 77 (3): 771–786. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07247.x.Zakikhany K., Harrington C.R., Nimtz M., Hinton J.C., Römling U. Unphosphorylated CsgD controls biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mol Microbiol. 2010 Aug; 77 (3): 771–786. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07247.x.Omadjela O., Narahari A., Strumillo J., Mélida H., Mazur O., Bulone V., Zimmer J. BcsA and BcsB form the catalytically active core of bacterial cellulose synthase sufficient for in vitro cellulose synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct 29; 110 (44): 17856–17861. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314063110.Omadjela O., Narahari A., Strumillo J., Mélida H., Mazur O., Bulone V., Zimmer J. BcsA and BcsB form the catalytically active core of bacterial cellulose synthase sufficient for in vitro cellulose synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct 29; 110 (44): 17856–17861. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314063110.Simm R., Ahmad I., Rhen M., Le Guyon S., Römling U. Regulation of biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Future Microbiol. 2014; 9 (11): 1261–1282. doi: 10.2217/fmb.14.88.Simm R., Ahmad I., Rhen M., Le Guyon S., Römling U. Regulation of biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Future Microbiol. 2014; 9 (11): 1261–1282. doi: 10.2217/fmb.14.88.Liu Z., Niu H., Wu S., Huang R. CsgD regulatory network in a bacterial trait-altering biofilm formation. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2014; 3: 1–5. doi: 10.1038/emi.2014.1.Liu Z., Niu H., Wu S., Huang R. CsgD regulatory network in a bacterial trait-altering biofilm formation. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2014; 3: 1–5. doi: 10.1038/emi.2014.1.Chen S., Feng Z., Sun H., Zhang R., Qin T., Peng D. Biofilm-formationrelated genes csgD and bcsA promote the vertical transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in chicken. Front Vet Sci. 2021 Jan 14; 7: 625049. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.625049.Chen S., Feng Z., Sun H., Zhang R., Qin T., Peng D. Biofilm-formationrelated genes csgD and bcsA promote the vertical transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in chicken. Front Vet Sci. 2021 Jan 14; 7: 625049. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.625049.Lemos J.A., Luzardo Y., Burne R.A. Physiologic effects of forced downregulation of dnaK and groEL expression in Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol. 2007 Mar; 189 (5): 1582–1588. doi: 10.1128/JB.01655-06.Lemos J.A., Luzardo Y., Burne R.A. Physiologic effects of forced downregulation of dnaK and groEL expression in Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol. 2007 Mar; 189 (5): 1582–1588. doi: 10.1128/JB.01655-06.van der Veen S., Abee T. HrcA and DnaK are important for static and continuous-flow biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiology (Reading). 2010 Dec; 156 (Pt 12): 3782–3790. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.043000-0.van der Veen S., Abee T. HrcA and DnaK are important for static and continuous-flow biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiology (Reading). 2010 Dec; 156 (Pt 12): 3782–3790. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.043000-0.van der Veen S., Abee T. Importance of SigB for Listeria monocytogenes static and continuous-flow biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Dec; 76 (23): 7854–7860. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01519-10.van der Veen S., Abee T. Importance of SigB for Listeria monocytogenes static and continuous-flow biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Dec; 76 (23): 7854–7860. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01519-10.Wolska K.I., Grudniak A.M., Rudnicka Z., Markowska K. Genetic control of bacterial biofilms. J Appl Genet. 2016 May; 57 (2): 225–238. doi: 10.1007/s13353-015-0309-2.Wolska K.I., Grudniak A.M., Rudnicka Z., Markowska K. Genetic control of bacterial biofilms. J Appl Genet. 2016 May; 57 (2): 225–238. doi: 10.1007/s13353-015-0309-2.Wagner V.E., Bushnell D., Passador L., Brooks A.I., Iglewski B.H. Microarray analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing regulons: effects of growth phase and environment. J Bacteriol. 2003 Apr; 185 (7): 2080–95. doi: 10.1128/JB.185.7.2080-2095.2003.Wagner V.E., Bushnell D., Passador L., Brooks A.I., Iglewski B.H. Microarray analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing regulons: effects of growth phase and environment. J Bacteriol. 2003 Apr; 185 (7): 2080–95. doi: 10.1128/JB.185.7.2080-2095.2003.Cotter P.A., Stibitz S. c-di-GMP-mediated regulation of virulence and biofilm formation. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2007 Feb; 10 (1): 17–23. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.12.006.Cotter P.A., Stibitz S. c-di-GMP-mediated regulation of virulence and biofilm formation. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2007 Feb; 10 (1): 17–23. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.12.006.Kim B., Park J.S., Choi H.Y., Yoon S.S., Kim W.G. Terrein is an inhibitor of quorum sensing and c-di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a connection between quorum sensing and c-di-GMP. Sci Rep. 2018 Jun 5; 8 (1): 8617. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26974-5.Kim B., Park J.S., Choi H.Y., Yoon S.S., Kim W.G. Terrein is an inhibitor of quorum sensing and c-di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a connection between quorum sensing and c-di-GMP. Sci Rep. 2018 Jun 5; 8 (1): 8617. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26974-5.Russell A.D. Introduction of biocides into clinical practice and the impact on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. J Appl Microbiol. 2002; 92 Suppl: 121S–35S.Russell A.D. Introduction of biocides into clinical practice and the impact on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. J Appl Microbiol. 2002; 92 Suppl: 121S–35S.Maillard J.Y. Bacterial resistance to biocides in the healthcare environment: should it be of genuine concern? J Hosp Infect. 2007 Jun; 65 Suppl 2: 60–72. doi: 10.1016/S0195-6701(07)60018-8.Maillard J.Y. Bacterial resistance to biocides in the healthcare environment: should it be of genuine concern? J Hosp Infect. 2007 Jun; 65 Suppl 2: 60–72. doi: 10.1016/S0195-6701(07)60018-8.Meyer B., Cookson B. Does microbial resistance or adaptation to biocides create a hazard in infection prevention and control? J Hosp Infect. 2010 Nov; 76 (3): 200–205. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.05.020.Meyer B., Cookson B. Does microbial resistance or adaptation to biocides create a hazard in infection prevention and control? J Hosp Infect. 2010 Nov; 76 (3): 200–205. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.05.020.Kampf G. Biocidal agents used for disinfection can enhance antibiotic resistance in gram-negative species. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018 Dec 14; 7 (4): 110. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7040110.Kampf G. Biocidal agents used for disinfection can enhance antibiotic resistance in gram-negative species. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018 Dec 14; 7 (4): 110. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7040110.Walsh S.E., Maillard J.Y., Russell A.D., Catrenich C.E., Charbonneau D.L., Bartolo R.G. Development of bacterial resistance to several biocides and effects on antibiotic susceptibility. J Hosp Infect. 2003 Oct; 55 (2): 98–107. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00240-8.Walsh S.E., Maillard J.Y., Russell A.D., Catrenich C.E., Charbonneau D.L., Bartolo R.G. Development of bacterial resistance to several biocides and effects on antibiotic susceptibility. J Hosp Infect. 2003 Oct; 55 (2): 98–107. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00240-8.Narui K., Takano M., Noguchi N., Sasatsu M. Susceptibilities of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates to seven biocides. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Mar; 30 (3): 585–587. doi: 10.1248/bpb.30.585.Narui K., Takano M., Noguchi N., Sasatsu M. Susceptibilities of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates to seven biocides. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Mar; 30 (3): 585–587. doi: 10.1248/bpb.30.585.Braoudaki M., Hilton A.C. Adaptive resistance to biocides in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157 and cross-resistance to antimicrobial agents. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jan; 42 (1): 73–78. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.1.73-78.2004.Braoudaki M., Hilton A.C. Adaptive resistance to biocides in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157 and cross-resistance to antimicrobial agents. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jan; 42 (1): 73–78. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.1.73-78.2004.Abdelaziz A., Sonbol F., Elbanna T., El-Ekhnawy E. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of benzalkonium chloride induces antimicrobial resistance and cellular changes in Klebsiellae pneumoniae clinical isolates. Microb Drug Resist. 2019 Jun; 25 (5): 631–638. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0235.Abdelaziz A., Sonbol F., Elbanna T., El-Ekhnawy E. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of benzalkonium chloride induces antimicrobial resistance and cellular changes in Klebsiellae pneumoniae clinical isolates. Microb Drug Resist. 2019 Jun; 25 (5): 631–638. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0235.Verspecht T., Rodriguez Herrero E., Khodaparast L., Khodaparast L., Boon N., Bernaerts K., Quirynen M., Teughels W. Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adapatation in selected oral pathogens in vitro. Sci Rep. 2019 Jun 6; 9 (1): 8326. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44822-y.Verspecht T., Rodriguez Herrero E., Khodaparast L., Khodaparast L., Boon N., Bernaerts K., Quirynen M., Teughels W. Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adapatation in selected oral pathogens in vitro. Sci Rep. 2019 Jun 6; 9 (1): 8326. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44822-y.Wand M.E., Bock L.J., Bonney L.C., Sutton J.M. Mechanisms of increased resistance to chlorhexidine and cross-resistance to colistin following exposure of Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates to Chlorhexidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Dec 27; 61 (1): e01162–16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01162-16.Wand M.E., Bock L.J., Bonney L.C., Sutton J.M. Mechanisms of increased resistance to chlorhexidine and cross-resistance to colistin following exposure of Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates to Chlorhexidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Dec 27; 61 (1): e01162–16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01162-16.De Oliveira D.M.P., Forde B.M., Kidd T.J., Harris P.N.A., Schembri M.A., Beatson S.A., Paterson D.L., Walker M.J. Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020 May 13; 33 (3): e00181–19. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00181-19.De Oliveira D.M.P., Forde B.M., Kidd T.J., Harris P.N.A., Schembri M.A., Beatson S.A., Paterson D.L., Walker M.J. Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020 May 13; 33 (3): e00181–19. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00181-19.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.