antibioticsАнтибиотики и ХимиотерапияAntibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy0235-2990ООО «Издательство ОКИ»10.37489/0235-2990-2023-68-11-12-59-66antibiotics-1099Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSСпектры литической активности бактериофаговLytic Activity Spectra of Bacteriophageshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3062-3316ПчелинИ. М.PchelinI. M.

Пчелин Иван Михайлович — к. б. н., научный сотрудник лаборатории инновационных методов микробиологического мониторинга, научно-образовательный центр «Молекулярные основы взаимодействия микроорганизмов и человека» научного центра мирового уровня «Центр персонализированной медицины»

Санкт-Петербург

Ivan M. Pchelin — Ph.D. in Biology, Researcher at the Laboratory of Innovative Methods in Microbiological Monitoring, Scientific and Educational Center «Molecular Basis of Interaction between Microorganisms and Humans» of the worldclass scientific center «Center for Personalized Medicine»

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-6656ГончаровА. Е.GoncharovA. Е.

Гончаров Артемий Евгеньевич — д. м. н., заведующий лабораторией функциональной геномики и протеомики микроорганизмов; профессор кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии; доцент кафедры фундаментальных проблем медицины и медицинских технологий

Санкт-Петербург

Artemiy E. Goncharov — D. Sc. in Medicine, Head of Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Microorganisms; Professor of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology, and Disinfectology; Associate Professor at the Department of Fundamental Problems of Medicine and Medical Technologies

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6890-8096АслановБ. И.AslanovB. I.

Асланов Батырбек Исмелович — д. м. н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии

Санкт-Петербург

Batyrbek I. Aslanov — D. Sc. in Medicine, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology, and Disinfectology

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-5144АзаровД. В.AzarovD. V.

Азаров Даниил Валерьевич — к. м. н., заведующий лабораторией инновационных методов микробиологического мониторинга, научно-образовательный центр «Молекулярные основы взаимодействия микроорганизмов и человека» научного центра мирового уровня «Центр персонализированной медицины»; ассистент кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии

Санкт-Петербург

Daniil V. Azarov — Ph. D. in Medicine, Head of laboratory of Laboratory of Innovative Methods in Microbiological Monitoring, Scientific and Educational Center «Molecular Basis of Interaction between Microorganisms and Humans» of the world-class scientific center «Center for Personalized Medicine»; Teaching Assistant at the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology

Saint Petersburg

ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»РоссияInstitute of Experimental MedicineRussian FederationФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»; ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский государственный университетРоссияInstitute of Experimental Medicine; North-Western State Medical University named after I. Mechnikov; Saint Petersburg State UniversityRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияNorth-Western State Medical University named after I. I. MechnikovRussian FederationФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»; ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияInstitute of Experimental Medicine; North-Western State Medical University named after I. I. MechnikovRussian Federation2023251220236811-125966Copyright © Пчелин И.М., Гончаров А.Е., Асланов Б.И., Азаров Д.В., 20242024Пчелин И.М., Гончаров А.Е., Асланов Б.И., Азаров Д.В.Pchelin I.M., Goncharov A.Е., Aslanov B.I., Azarov D.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/1099

Одним из центральных вопросов науки о бактериофагах является их хозяйская специфичность, обусловленная возможностью реализации жизненного цикла вируса на разных стадиях, включая адсорбцию, проникновение генетического материала вируса в клетку и его репликацию, сборку фаговых частиц и лизис клетки. Лабораторные оценки спектра литической активности фагов неразрывно связаны со значительной методической погрешностью, и часто используемый метод спот-теста может давать большой процент ложноположительных результатов. Наряду с разнообразием типов фаговой специфичности, имеет место её изменчивость во времени. Совместная эволюция фагов и бактерий приводит к приобретению бактериями устойчивости к вирусам и накоплению в геномах бактериофагов мутаций, направленных на преодоление этой устойчивости. В то же время адаптация бактериофагов к бактериям, эволюционно отдалённым от основных хозяев, в значительной степени затруднена. В основе этого барьера лежат особенности метаболизма, структур клеточной стенки и механизмов реализации матричных процессов. Пространственный фактор фаговой специфичности проявляется в большей ширине спектров литической активности бактериофагов на локальных выборках бактерий по сравнению со спектрами, оцененными на выборках изолятов из местообитаний, географически удалённых от места выделения вируса.

One of the central topics in bacteriophage research is the host specificity. It depends on the success of completing viral life cycle stages, including adsorption, penetration of the genetic material of the virus into the cell and its replication, assembly of phage particles and cell lysis. Laboratory assessments of the spectrum of lytic activity of phages are inextricably linked to significant methodological biases, and the often used spot test method can be associated with a large percentage of false-positive results. Along with the variety of types of phage specificity, there is temporal variability. The co-evolution of phages and bacteria leads to the acquisition of resistance to viruses by bacteria and the accumulation of mutations in the genomes of bacteriophages aimed at overcoming this resistance. At the same time, the adaptation of bacteriophages to bacteria that are evolutionarily distant from the isolation hosts is barely possible. This barrier is based on the peculiarities of metabolism, cell wall structures and mechanisms for the implementation of matrix processes. The spatial factor of phage specificity is manifested in the greater breadth of the spectra of lytic activity of bacteriophages on local samples of bacteria compared to the spectra assessed on samples of isolates from habitats geographically distant from the place of virus isolation.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.