antibioticsАнтибиотики и ХимиотерапияAntibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy0235-2990ООО «Издательство ОКИ»10.37489/0235-2990-2025-70-7-8-47-67XBHHXBantibiotics-1271Research ArticleВ ПОМОЩЬ ПРАКТИКУЮЩЕМУ ВРАЧУGUIDELINES FOR PRACTITIONERSДиагностика нозокомиальной пневмонииDiagnosis of Hospital-Acquired Pneumoniahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-3280ПроценкоД. Н.ProtsenkoD. N.

Проценко Денис Николаевич — д. м. н., директор, ГБУЗ города Москвы «Московский многопрофильный клинический центр «Коммунарка» ДЗ города Москвы»; заведующий кафедрой анестезиологии и реаниматологии, ФДПО Институт непрерывного образования и профессионального развития ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России.

Москва

Denis N. Protsenko — D. Sc. in Medicine, Director, Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center «Kommunarka» of the Moscow Healthcare Department; Head of the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Institute of Continuous Education and Professional Development, Pirogov RNRMU.

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5758-5703БелоцерковскийБ. З.BelotserkovskiyB. Z.

Белоцерковский Борис Зиновьевич — к. м. н., доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии ФДПО Институт непрерывного образования и профессионального развития ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России; заведующий отделением реанимации и интенсивной терапии №5 — врач-анестезиолог-реаниматолог ГБУЗ города Москвы «Московский многопрофильный клинический центр «Коммунарка» ДЗ города Москвы».

Москва

Boris Z. Belotserkovskiy — Ph. D. in Medicine, Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Institute of Continuous Education and Professional Development, Pirogov RNRMU; Head of the Intensive Care Unit No. 5, Anesthesiologist-Resuscitator, Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center «Kommunarka» of the Moscow Healthcare Department.

Moscow

belotserkovskii@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-0764-4658МатяшМ. И.MatyashM. I.

Матяш Максим Игоревич — врач-анестезиолог-реаниматолог ГБУЗ города Москвы.

Москва

Maksim I. Matyash — Anesthesiologist-Resuscitator.

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6849-0008КругловА. Н.KruglovA. N.

Круглов Александр Николаевич — заведующий лабораторией клинической микробиологии — врач-бактериолог.

Москва

Alexander N. Kruglov — Head of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Bacteriologist, Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center «Kommunarka» of the Moscow Healthcare Department.

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5244-7769БыковА. О.BykovA. O.

Быков Андрей Олегович — врач-анестезиолог-реаниматолог ГБУЗ города Москвы «Московский многопрофильный клинический центр «Коммунарка» ДЗ города Москвы»; ассистент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии ФДПО Институт непрерывного образования и профессионального развития ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России.

Москва

Andrey O. Bykov — Anesthesiologist-Resuscitator, Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center «Kommunarka» of the Moscow Healthcare Department; Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Faculty of Continuing Professional Education, Institute of Continuous Education and Professional Development, N. I. Pirogov RNRMU.

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6113-8498ШифманЕ. М.ShifmanE. M.

Шифман Ефим Муневич — профессор кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии ФДПО Институт непрерывного образования и профессионального развития ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России; профессор кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии ФУВ ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М. Ф. Владимирского,

Москва

Efim M. Shifman — Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Faculty of Continuing Professional Education, Institute of Continuous Education and Professional Development, Pirogov RNRMU; Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Faculty of Advanced Medical Studies, Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute named after M. F. Vladimirsky (MONIKI).

Moscow

ГБУЗ города Москвы «Московский многопрофильный клинический центр «Коммунарка» Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияMoscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center «Kommunarka»; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian FederationГБУЗ города Москвы «Московский многопрофильный клинический центр «Коммунарка» Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»РоссияMoscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center «Kommunarka»Russian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России; ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. ВладимирскогоРоссияPirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute named after M. F. Vladimirsky (MONIKI)Russian Federation202525072025707-84767Copyright © Проценко Д.Н., Белоцерковский Б.З., Матяш М.И., Круглов А.Н., Быков А.О., Шифман Е.М., 20252025Проценко Д.Н., Белоцерковский Б.З., Матяш М.И., Круглов А.Н., Быков А.О., Шифман Е.М.Protsenko D.N., Belotserkovskiy B.Z., Matyash M.I., Kruglov A.N., Bykov A.O., Shifman E.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/1271Актуальность

Актуальность. Нозокомиальная пневмония (НП), особенно связанная с проведением ИВЛ (НПивл), остаётся одним из ведущих инфекционных осложнений в отделениях интенсивной терапии в условиях растущей устойчивости возбудителей к антибиотикам и ассоциируется с высокой летальностью.

Цель

Цель. Представить современные подходы к диагностике нозокомиальной пневмонии с акцентом на клинические, лабораторные, радиологические и ультразвуковые методы, а также на интегральные шкалы и экспресс-тесты. Методы. Проведён анализ российских и международных клинических рекомендаций, оригинальных исследований и систематических обзоров, опубликованных в 1991–2025 гг., посвящённых эпидемиологии, диагностике и дифференциальной диагностике НП. Особое внимание уделено методам визуализации (рентгенография органов грудной клетки, компьютерная томография, ультразвуковое исследование лёгких), биомаркерам и молекулярным технологиям быстрой идентификации возбудителей.

Результаты

Результаты. Диагностика НП основывается на комбинации клинико-лабораторных признаков и методов визуализации, однако их чувствительность и специфичность ограничены. Шкала CPIS остаётся наиболее распространённой, но обладает недостаточной точностью. Новые интегральные шкалы (CEPPIS, VPLUS) и ультразвуковые протоколы повышают надёжность диагностики, а молекулярные экспресс-методы обеспечивают раннее выявление возбудителей, их механизмов резистентности и своевременное начало адекватной этиотропной антибиотикотерапии.

Заключение

Заключение. Повышение точности диагностики НП возможно при интеграции клинических данных, инструментальных методов и современных экспресс-тестов. Ультразвуковая диагностика в сочетании с биомаркерами и молекулярными методами является перспективным направлением для персонализированного подхода в лечении заболевания.

Relevance

Relevance. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), remains one of the leading infectious complications in intensive care units in the context of increasing antimicrobial resistance and is associated with high mortality rates. The aim of the study was to present current approaches to the diagnosis of HAP with emphasis on clinical, laboratory, radiological, and ultrasound methods, as well as integrated scoring systems and rapid diagnostic tests.

Methods

Methods. The study analyzes Russian and international clinical guidelines, original studies, and systematic reviews published between 1991 and 2025, focusing on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of HAP. Special attention was given to imaging methods (chest X-ray, computed tomography, lung ultrasound), biomarkers, and molecular technologies for rapid pathogen identification.

Results

Results. HAP diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical and laboratory findings and imaging methods, but their sensitivity and specificity remain limited. The CPIS score is still the most widely used, yet it lacks sufficient accuracy. New integrated scores (CEPPIS, VPLUS) and ultrasound-based protocols improve diagnostic reliability, while molecular rapid tests enable early detection of pathogens, their resistance mechanisms, and timely initiation of adequate etiotropic antibiotic therapy.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Improving diagnostic accuracy of HAP is possible through integration of clinical data, instrumental methods, and modern rapid tests. Lung ultrasound combined with biomarkers and molecular techniques represents a promising direction for a personalized approach to disease management.

нозокомиальная пневмониядиагностикаультразвуковое исследование лёгкихлучевая диагностикакомпьютерная томографиябиомаркерымолекулярные диагностические методыантибиотикорезистентностьHospital-acquired pneumoniadiagnosislung ultrasoundradiological diagnosiscomputed tomographybiomarkersmolecular diagnostic methodsantimicrobial resistanceReferencesРачина С. А., Синопальников А. И. Инфекционные заболевания нижних дыхательных путей. В книге: Основы внутренней медицины. Под ред. Моисеева В. С., Кобалавы Ж. Д., Маева И. В. и др. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: ООО «МИА»; 2020; 1: 145–169.Rachina S. A., Sinopalnikov A. I. Lower respiratory tract infections. In: Moiseev V. S., Kobalava Zh. D., Maev I. V. et al. (ed.). Fundamentals of Internal Medicine. 2 ed., rev. and enl. Moscow: LLC «MIA»; 2020; 1: 145–169. (in Russian)Нозокомиальная пневмония у взрослых: Российские национальные рекомендации. Под ред. акад. РАН Б.Р.Гельфанда; отв. ред. Д. Н. Проценко, Б. З. Белоцерковский — 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: ООО «Издательство «Медицинское информационное агентство»; 2016; 176.Nosokomialnaya pnevmoniya u vzroslykh: Rossiiskie natsional’nye rekomendatsii. B. R. Gelfand (ed.), D. N. Protsenko, B. Z. Belotserkovskiy (resp. eds.). 2nd ed., rev. and enl. Moscow: Meditsinskoe Informatsionnoe Agentstvo; 2016; 176. (in Russian)Dallas J., Skrupky L., Abebe N., Boyle W. A. 3rd, Kollef M. H. Ventilatorassociated tracheobronchitis in a mixed surgical and medical ICU population. Chest. 2011; 139 (3): 513–518. doi: 10.1378/chest.10-1336.Dallas J., Skrupky L., Abebe N., Boyle W. A. 3rd, Kollef M. H. Ventilatorassociated tracheobronchitis in a mixed surgical and medical ICU population. Chest. 2011; 139 (3): 513–518. doi: 10.1378/chest.10-1336.Niederman M. S. Hospital-acquired pneumonia, health care-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: definitions and challenges in trial design. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 51 Suppl 1: S12-S17. doi: 10.1086/653035.Niederman M. S. Hospital-acquired pneumonia, health care-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: definitions and challenges in trial design. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 51 Suppl 1: S12-S17. doi: 10.1086/653035.Кузовлев А. Н., Шабанов А. К., Гречко А. В. Нозокомиальный трахеобронхит в реаниматологии: проблемы диагностики и лечения. Вестник интенсивной терапии им. А. И. Салтанова. 2018; (1): 43–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2018-1-43-47.Kuzovlev A. N., Shabanov A. K., Grechko A. V. On the diagnosis and treatment of nosocomial tracheobronchitis in intensive care medicine. Annals of Critical Care. 2018; (1): 43–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.21320/ 1818-474X-2018-1-43-47. (in Russian)Bloos F., Marshall J. C., Dellinger R. P., Vincent J. L., Gutierrez G., Rivers E. et al. Multinational, observational study of procalcitonin in ICU patients with pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation: a multicenter observational study. Crit Care. 2011; 15 (2): R88. doi: 10.1186/cc10087.Bloos F., Marshall J. C., Dellinger R. P., Vincent J. L., Gutierrez G., Rivers E. et al. Multinational, observational study of procalcitonin in ICU patients with pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation: a multicenter observational study. Crit Care. 2011; 15 (2): R88. doi: 10.1186/cc10087.Rodríguez-Villodres Á., Martín-Gandul C., Peñalva G., Guisado-Gil A. B., Crespo-Rivas J. C., Pachón-Ibáñez M. E. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for multidrug-resistant organisms colonization in long-term care facilities around the world: a review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021; 10 (6): 680. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10060680.Rodríguez-Villodres Á., Martín-Gandul C., Peñalva G., Guisado-Gil A. B., Crespo-Rivas J. C., Pachón-Ibáñez M. E. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for multidrug-resistant organisms colonization in long-term care facilities around the world: a review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021; 10 (6): 680. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10060680.Клясова Г. А., Коробова А. Г., Фролова И. Н., Охмат В. А., Куликов С. М., Паровичникова Е. Н., и др. Детекция энтеробактерий с продукцией бета-лактамаз расширенного спектра у больных острыми миелоидными лейкозами и лимфомами при поступлении в стационар. Гематология и трансфузиология. 2016; 61 (1): 25–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.18821/0234-5730-2016-61-1-25-32.Klyasova G. A., Korobova A. G., Frolova I. N., Okhmat V. A., Kulikov S. M., Parovichnikova E. N. et al. Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) among patients with acute myeloid leukemia and lymphoma upon admission to hospital. Russian Journal of Hematology and Transfusiology. 2016; 61 (1): 25–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.18821/0234-5730-2016-61-1-25-32. (in Russian)Hu Y., Qing Y., Chen J., Liu C., Lu J., Wang Q. et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of intestinal carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Spectr. 2021; 9 (3): e0134421. doi: 10.1128/Spectrum.01344-21Hu Y., Qing Y., Chen J., Liu C., Lu J., Wang Q. et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of intestinal carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Spectr. 2021; 9 (3): e0134421. doi: 10.1128/Spectrum.01344-21Bar Ilan M., Kjerulf A. Who should be screened for carbapenemaseproducing Enterobacterales and when? A systematic review. J Hosp Infect. 2023; 142: 74–87. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.09.018.Bar Ilan M., Kjerulf A. Who should be screened for carbapenemaseproducing Enterobacterales and when? A systematic review. J Hosp Infect. 2023; 142: 74–87. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.09.018.Tian F., Li Y., Wang Y., Yu B., Song J., Ning Q. et al. Risk factors and molecular epidemiology of fecal carriage of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae in patients with liver disease. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2023; 22 (1): 10. doi: 10.1186/s12941-023-00560-8.Tian F., Li Y., Wang Y., Yu B., Song J., Ning Q. et al. Risk factors and molecular epidemiology of fecal carriage of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae in patients with liver disease. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2023; 22 (1): 10. doi: 10.1186/s12941-023-00560-8.Ни О. Г., Белоцерковский Б. З., Круглов А. Н., Матяш М. И., Быков А. О., Яковлев С. В. и др. Распространённость и факторы риска колонизации карбапенемрезистентными микроорганизмами у пациентов, поступающих в многопрофильный стационар. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2024; 23 (6): 83–103. doi: 10.31631/2073-3046-2024-23-6-83-103.Ni O. G., Belotserkovskiy B. Z., Kruglov A. N., Matyash M. I., Bykov A. O., Yakovlev S. V. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for colonization with carbapenem-resistant microorganisms in patients admitted to a multidisciplinary hospital. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2024; 23 (6): 83–103. doi: 10.31631/2073-3046-2024-23-6-83-103. (in Russian)Яковлев С. В., Суворова М. П., Белобородов В. Б., Басин Е. Е., Елисеева Е. В., Ковеленов С. В., Портнягина У. С., Рог А. А., Руднов В. А., Барканова О. Н. Распространённость и клиническое значение нозокомиальных инфекций в лечебных учреждениях России: исследование ЭРГИНИ. Антибиотики и химиотер. 2016; 61 (5–6): 32–42.Yakovlev S. V., Suvorova M. P., Beloborodov V. B., Basin E. E., Eliseeva E. V., Kovelenov S. V., Porthyagina U. S., Rog A. A., Rudnov V. A., Barkanova O. N. Multicentre study of the prevalence and clinical value of hospital-acquired infections in emergency hospitals of Russia: ERGINI study. Antibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2016; 61 (5–6): 32–42. (in Russian)О состоянии санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения в Российской Федерации в 2024 году: Государственный доклад. М.: Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; 2025; 424.O sostoyanii sanitarno-epidemiologicheskogo blagopoluchiya naseleniya v Rossiiskoi Federatsii v 2024 godu: State report. Moscow: Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor); 2025; 424. (in Russian)Jethwa S. Diagnosis and management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Pharmaceutical Journal. January 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1211/pj.2018.20204336.Jethwa S. Diagnosis and management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Pharmaceutical Journal. January 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1211/pj.2018.20204336.Koulenti D., Zhang Y., Fragkou P. C. Nosocomial pneumonia diagnosis revisited. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2020; 26 (5): 442–449. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000756.Koulenti D., Zhang Y., Fragkou P. C. Nosocomial pneumonia diagnosis revisited. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2020; 26 (5): 442–449. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000756.Papazian L., Klompas M., Luyt C. E. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (5): 888–906. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05980-0Papazian L., Klompas M., Luyt C. E. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (5): 888–906. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05980-0Koulenti D., Tsigou E., Rello J. Nosocomial pneumonia in 27 ICUs in Europe: perspectives from the EU-VAP/CAP study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017; 36 (11): 1999–2006. doi: 10.1007/s10096-016-2703-z.Koulenti D., Tsigou E., Rello J. Nosocomial pneumonia in 27 ICUs in Europe: perspectives from the EU-VAP/CAP study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017; 36 (11): 1999–2006. doi: 10.1007/s10096-016-2703-z.Stoclin A., Rotolo F., Hicheri Y. et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections in intensive care unit cancer patients: a retrospective 12-year study on 3388 prospectively monitored patients. Support Care Cancer. 2020; 28 (1): 193–200. doi: 10.1007/s00520-01904800-6.Stoclin A., Rotolo F., Hicheri Y. et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections in intensive care unit cancer patients: a retrospective 12-year study on 3388 prospectively monitored patients. Support Care Cancer. 2020; 28 (1): 193–200. doi: 10.1007/s00520-01904800-6.Vincent J. L., Bihari D. J., Suter P. M. et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European prevalence of infection in intensive care (epic) study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA. 1995; 274 (8): 639–644.Vincent J. L., Bihari D. J., Suter P. M. et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European prevalence of infection in intensive care (epic) study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA. 1995; 274 (8): 639–644.Rosenthal V. D., Maki D. G., Salomao R. et al. Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 145 (8): 582–591. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-1458-200610170-00007.Rosenthal V. D., Maki D. G., Salomao R. et al. Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 145 (8): 582–591. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-1458-200610170-00007.Raoofi S., Pashazadeh Kan F., Rafiei S. et al. Global prevalence of nosocomial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2023; 18 (1): e0274248. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274248.Raoofi S., Pashazadeh Kan F., Rafiei S. et al. Global prevalence of nosocomial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2023; 18 (1): e0274248. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274248.Klompas M., Kleinman K., Murphy M. V. Descriptive epidemiology and attributable morbidity of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014; 35 (5): 502–510. doi: 10.1086/675834.Klompas M., Kleinman K., Murphy M. V. Descriptive epidemiology and attributable morbidity of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014; 35 (5): 502–510. doi: 10.1086/675834.Richards M. J., Edwards J. R., Culver D. H., Gaynes R. P. Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000; 21 (8): 510–515. doi: 10.1086/501795.Richards M. J., Edwards J. R., Culver D. H., Gaynes R. P. Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000; 21 (8): 510–515. doi: 10.1086/501795.Hunter J. D. Ventilator associated pneumonia. BMJ. 2012; 344: e3325. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e3325.Hunter J. D. Ventilator associated pneumonia. BMJ. 2012; 344: e3325. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e3325.Koulenti D., Lisboa T., Brun-Buisson C. et al. Spectrum of practice in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in patients requiring mechanical ventilation in European intensive care units. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37 (8): 2360–2368. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a037ac.Koulenti D., Lisboa T., Brun-Buisson C. et al. Spectrum of practice in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in patients requiring mechanical ventilation in European intensive care units. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37 (8): 2360–2368. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a037ac.Гельфанд Б. Р., Белоцерковский Б. З., Милюкова И. А., Гельфанд Е. Б. Эпидемиология и нозологическая структура нозокомиальных инфекций в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии многопрофильного стационара. Инфекции в хирургии. 2014; 4: 24–36.Gelfand B. R., Belotserkovskiy B. Z., Milyukova I. A., Gelfand E. B. Epidemiologiya i nozologicheskaya struktura nozokomial’nykh infektsii v otdelenii reanimatsii i intensivnoi terapii mnogoprofil’nogo statsionara. Infektsii v Khirurgii. 2014; 4: 24–36. (in Russian)Kollef M. H., Hamilton C. W., Ernst F. R. Economic impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large matched cohort. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012; 33 (3): 250–256. doi: 10.1086/664049.Kollef M. H., Hamilton C. W., Ernst F. R. Economic impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large matched cohort. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012; 33 (3): 250–256. doi: 10.1086/664049.Masterton R. G., Galloway A., French G. et al. Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the UK: report of the working party on hospital-acquired pneumonia of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008; 62 (1): 5–34. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkn162.Masterton R. G., Galloway A., French G. et al. Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the UK: report of the working party on hospital-acquired pneumonia of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008; 62 (1): 5–34. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkn162.Melsen W. G., Rovers M. M., Groenwold R. H. et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13 (8): 665–671. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70081-1.Melsen W. G., Rovers M. M., Groenwold R. H. et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13 (8): 665–671. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70081-1.Iregui M., Ward S., Sherman G., Fraser V. J., Kollef M. H. Clinical importance of delays in the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2002; 122 (1): 262–268. doi: 10.1378/chest.122.1.262.Iregui M., Ward S., Sherman G., Fraser V. J., Kollef M. H. Clinical importance of delays in the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2002; 122 (1): 262–268. doi: 10.1378/chest.122.1.262.Kalanuria A. A., Ziai W., Mirski M. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU. Crit Care. 2014; 18 (2): 208. doi: 10.1186/cc13775.Kalanuria A. A., Ziai W., Mirski M. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU. Crit Care. 2014; 18 (2): 208. doi: 10.1186/cc13775.Fernando S. M., Tran A., Cheng W. et al. Diagnosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia in critically ill adult patients-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (6): 1170–1179. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06036-z.Fernando S. M., Tran A., Cheng W. et al. Diagnosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia in critically ill adult patients-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (6): 1170–1179. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06036-z.Horan T. C., Andrus M., Dudeck M. A. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control. 2008; 36 (5): 309–332. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.002.Horan T. C., Andrus M., Dudeck M. A. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control. 2008; 36 (5): 309–332. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.002.Tejerina E., Esteban A., Fernández-Segoviano P. et al. Accuracy of clinical definitions of ventilator-associated pneumonia: comparison with autopsy findings. J Crit Care. 2010; 25 (1): 62–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.05.008.Tejerina E., Esteban A., Fernández-Segoviano P. et al. Accuracy of clinical definitions of ventilator-associated pneumonia: comparison with autopsy findings. J Crit Care. 2010; 25 (1): 62–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.05.008.Ferreira-Coimbra J., Ardanuy C., Diaz E. et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia diagnosis: a prioritization exercise based on multi-criteria decision analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020; 39 (2): 281–286. doi: 10.1007/s10096-019-03720-x.Ferreira-Coimbra J., Ardanuy C., Diaz E. et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia diagnosis: a prioritization exercise based on multi-criteria decision analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020; 39 (2): 281–286. doi: 10.1007/s10096-019-03720-x.Agarwal P., Wielandner A. Nosokomiale pneumonie aus radiologischer sicht. Der Radiologe. 2016; 57 (1): 13–21. (in German) doi: 10.1007/s00117016-0191-x.Agarwal P., Wielandner A. Nosokomiale pneumonie aus radiologischer sicht. Der Radiologe. 2016; 57 (1): 13–21. (in German) doi: 10.1007/s00117016-0191-x.Goodman L. R. Felson’s principles of chest roentgenology: a programmed text. 5th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020.Goodman L. R. Felson’s principles of chest roentgenology: a programmed text. 5th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020.Gruden J. F., Huang L., Turner J. et al. High-resolution CT in the evaluation of clinically suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997; 169 (4): 967–975. doi: 10.2214/ajr.169.4.9308446.Gruden J. F., Huang L., Turner J. et al. High-resolution CT in the evaluation of clinically suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997; 169 (4): 967–975. doi: 10.2214/ajr.169.4.9308446.Franquet T. Imaging of pneumonia: trends and algorithms. Eur Respir J. 2001; 18 (1): 196–208. doi: 10.1183/09031936.01.00213501.Franquet T. Imaging of pneumonia: trends and algorithms. Eur Respir J. 2001; 18 (1): 196–208. doi: 10.1183/09031936.01.00213501.Wunderink R. G., Woldenberg L. S., Zeiss J., Day C. M., Ciemins J., Lacher D. A. The radiologic diagnosis of autopsy-proven ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Chest. 1992; 101 (2): 458–463. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.2.458.Wunderink R. G., Woldenberg L. S., Zeiss J., Day C. M., Ciemins J., Lacher D. A. The radiologic diagnosis of autopsy-proven ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Chest. 1992; 101 (2): 458–463. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.2.458.Fàbregas N., Ewig S., Torres A. et al. Clinical diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia revisited: comparative validation using immediate post-mortem lung biopsies. Thorax. 1999; 54 (10): 867–873. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.10.867.Fàbregas N., Ewig S., Torres A. et al. Clinical diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia revisited: comparative validation using immediate post-mortem lung biopsies. Thorax. 1999; 54 (10): 867–873. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.10.867.Torres A., el-Ebiary M., Padró L. et al. Validation of different techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Comparison with immediate postmortem pulmonary biopsy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 149 (2 Pt 1): 324–331. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306025.Torres A., el-Ebiary M., Padró L. et al. Validation of different techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Comparison with immediate postmortem pulmonary biopsy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 149 (2 Pt 1): 324–331. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306025.Knight P. H., Maheshwari N., Hussain J. et al. Complications during intrahospital transport of critically ill patients: Focus on risk identification and prevention. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2015; 5 (4): 256–264. doi: 10.4103/2229-5151.170840.Knight P. H., Maheshwari N., Hussain J. et al. Complications during intrahospital transport of critically ill patients: Focus on risk identification and prevention. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2015; 5 (4): 256–264. doi: 10.4103/2229-5151.170840.Fred H. L. Drawbacks and limitations of computed tomography: views from a medical educator. Tex Heart Inst J. 2004; 31 (4): 345–348.Fred H. L. Drawbacks and limitations of computed tomography: views from a medical educator. Tex Heart Inst J. 2004; 31 (4): 345–348.Mohamed Hoesein F. Low-dose computed tomography instead of radiography in suspected pneumonia. Breathe (Sheff). 2019; 15 (1): 81–83. doi: 10.1183/20734735.0319-2018.Mohamed Hoesein F. Low-dose computed tomography instead of radiography in suspected pneumonia. Breathe (Sheff). 2019; 15 (1): 81–83. doi: 10.1183/20734735.0319-2018.Prendki V., Scheffler M., Huttner B. et al. Low-dose computed tomography for the diagnosis of pneumonia in elderly patients: a prospective, interventional cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2018; 51 (5): 1702375. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02375-2017.Prendki V., Scheffler M., Huttner B. et al. Low-dose computed tomography for the diagnosis of pneumonia in elderly patients: a prospective, interventional cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2018; 51 (5): 1702375. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02375-2017.Kroft L. J.M, van der Velden L., Girón I. H., Roelofs J. J.H, de Roos A., Geleijns J. Added value of ultra-low-dose computed tomography, dose equivalent to chest x-ray radiography, for diagnosing chest pathology. J Thorac Imaging. 2019; 34 (3): 179–186. doi: 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000404.Kroft L. J.M, van der Velden L., Girón I. H., Roelofs J. J.H, de Roos A., Geleijns J. Added value of ultra-low-dose computed tomography, dose equivalent to chest x-ray radiography, for diagnosing chest pathology. J Thorac Imaging. 2019; 34 (3): 179–186. doi: 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000404.Приказ Минздрава России от 15.11.2012 № 919н «Об утверждении Порядка оказания медицинской помощи взрослому населению по профилю «анестезиология и реаниматология»». Доступно по: https://minzdrav.gov.ru/documents/9128-prikaz-ministerstvazdravoohraneniya-rossiyskoy-federatsii-ot-15-noyabrya-2012-g919n-ob-utverzhdenii-poryadka-okazaniya-meditsinskoy-pomoschi-vzroslomu-naseleniyu-po-profilyu-anesteziologiya-i-reanimatologiya Ссылка активна на 12.09.2025.Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 919n of 15 November 2012 «Ob utverzhdenii Poryadka okazaniya meditsinskoi pomoshchi vzroslomu naseleniyu po profilyu ’anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya’». Available from: https://minzdrav.gov.ru/documents/9128-prikazministerstva-zdravoohraneniya-rossiyskoy-federatsii-ot-15-noyabrya-2012-g-919n-ob-utverzhdenii-poryadka-okazaniya-meditsinskoy-pomoschi-vzroslomu-naseleniyu-po-profilyu-anesteziologiyai-reanimatologiya Accessed 12 September 2025. (in Russian)Lichtenstein D. A. BLUE-protocol and FALLS-protocol: two applications of lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Chest. 2015; 147 (6): 1659–1670. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-1313.Lichtenstein D. A. BLUE-protocol and FALLS-protocol: two applications of lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Chest. 2015; 147 (6): 1659–1670. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-1313.Lee L., DeCara J. M. Point-of-care ultrasound. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020; 22 (11): 149. doi: 10.1007/s11886-020-01394-y.Lee L., DeCara J. M. Point-of-care ultrasound. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020; 22 (11): 149. doi: 10.1007/s11886-020-01394-y.Приказ Министерства труда и социальной защиты Российской Федерации от 27.08.2018 № 554н «Об утверждении профессионального стандарта «Врач — анестезиолог–реаниматолог»». Доступно по: <http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201809170020> Ссылка активна на 12.09.2025.Order of the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Russian Federation No. 554n of 27 August 2018 «Ob utverzhdenii professional’nogo standarta ’Vrach — anesteziolog–reanimatolog’». Available from: <http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201809170020> Accessed 12 September 2025. (in Russian)Lichtenstein D. A., Mezière G. A. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: the BLUE protocol. Chest. 2008; 134 (1): 117–125. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2800.Lichtenstein D. A., Mezière G. A. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: the BLUE protocol. Chest. 2008; 134 (1): 117–125. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2800.Bouhemad B., Dransart-Rayé O., Mojoli F., Mongodi S. Lung ultrasound for diagnosis and monitoring of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Transl Med. 2018; 6 (21): 418. doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.10.46.Bouhemad B., Dransart-Rayé O., Mojoli F., Mongodi S. Lung ultrasound for diagnosis and monitoring of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Transl Med. 2018; 6 (21): 418. doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.10.46.Rouby J. J., Arbelot C., Gao Y. et al. Training for lung ultrasound score measurement in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018; 198 (3): 398–401. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201802-0227LE.Rouby J. J., Arbelot C., Gao Y. et al. Training for lung ultrasound score measurement in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018; 198 (3): 398–401. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201802-0227LE.Проценко Д. Н., Логвинов Ю. И., Родионов Е. П., Лыхин В. Н., Филявин Р. Э., Соловьев В. С. и др. Практическая ультрасонография. Национальное руководство для врачей. М: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2022; 280. doi: https://doi.org/10.33029/9704-7333-7-PUSG-2022-1-280.Protsenko D. N., Logvinov Y. I., Rodionov E. P., Lykhin V. N., Filyavin R. E., Solov’ev V. S. et al. Prakticheskaya ultrasonografiya. Natsional’noe rukovodstvo dlya vrachei. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2022; 280. doi: https://doi.org/10.33029/9704-7333-7-PUSG-2022-1-280. (in Russian)Bouhemad B., Mongodi S., Via G., Rouquette I. Ultrasound for «lung monitoring» of ventilated patients. Anesthesiology. 2015; 122 (2): 437–447. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000558.Bouhemad B., Mongodi S., Via G., Rouquette I. Ultrasound for «lung monitoring» of ventilated patients. Anesthesiology. 2015; 122 (2): 437–447. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000558.Cox E. G. M., Wiersema R., Wong A., Van Der Horst I. C. C. Six versus eight and twenty-eight scan sites for B-line assessment: differences in examination time and findings. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (5): 1063–1064. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06004-7.Cox E. G. M., Wiersema R., Wong A., Van Der Horst I. C. C. Six versus eight and twenty-eight scan sites for B-line assessment: differences in examination time and findings. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (5): 1063–1064. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06004-7.Staub L. J., Biscaro R. R.M, Maurici R. Emergence of alveolar consolidations in serial lung ultrasound and diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Intensive Care Med. 2021; 36 (3): 304–312. doi: 10.1177/0885066619894279.Staub L. J., Biscaro R. R.M, Maurici R. Emergence of alveolar consolidations in serial lung ultrasound and diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Intensive Care Med. 2021; 36 (3): 304–312. doi: 10.1177/0885066619894279.Vignon P., Chastagner C., Berkane V. et al. Quantitative assessment of pleural effusion in critically ill patients by means of ultrasonography. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33 (8): 1757–1763. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000171532.02639.08.Vignon P., Chastagner C., Berkane V. et al. Quantitative assessment of pleural effusion in critically ill patients by means of ultrasonography. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33 (8): 1757–1763. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000171532.02639.08.Balik M., Plasil P., Waldauf P. et al. Ultrasound estimation of volume of pleural fluid in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32 (2): 318. doi: 10.1007/s00134-005-0024-2.Balik M., Plasil P., Waldauf P. et al. Ultrasound estimation of volume of pleural fluid in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32 (2): 318. doi: 10.1007/s00134-005-0024-2.Volpicelli G. Sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med. 2011; 37 (2): 224–232. doi: 10.1007/s00134-010-2079-y.Volpicelli G. Sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med. 2011; 37 (2): 224–232. doi: 10.1007/s00134-010-2079-y.Özyilmaz E., Bayrakci S., Kuscu O. et al. The diagnostic cut off value of lung ultrasound score to differentiate hospital acquired/ventilator associated pneumonia and hospital acquired/ventilator associated tracheobronchitis [abstract]. Eur Respir J. 2020; 56 (Suppl 64): 348. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.348.Özyilmaz E., Bayrakci S., Kuscu O. et al. The diagnostic cut off value of lung ultrasound score to differentiate hospital acquired/ventilator associated pneumonia and hospital acquired/ventilator associated tracheobronchitis [abstract]. Eur Respir J. 2020; 56 (Suppl 64): 348. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.348.Техника сбора и транспортирования биоматериалов в микробиологические лаборатории: Методические указания. М: Федеральный центр гигиены и эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора; 2006. 126 с. Доступно по: <https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/documents/details.php?ELEMENT_ID=4750> Ссылка активна на 12.09.2025.Tekhnika sbora i transportirovaniya biomaterialov v mikrobiologicheskie laboratorii: Metodicheskie ukazaniya. Moscow: «Federal Hygienic and Epidemiological Center» of Rospotrebnadzor; 2006; 126. Available from: <https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/documents/details.php?ELEMENT_ID=4750> Accessed 12 September 2025. (in Russian)Kalil A. C., Metersky M. L., Klompas M. et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America and the American thoracic society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 63 (5): e61e111. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw353.Kalil A. C., Metersky M. L., Klompas M. et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America and the American thoracic society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 63 (5): e61e111. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw353.Fagon J. Y., Chastre J., Wolff M. et al. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132 (8): 621–630. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-132-8-200004180-00004.Fagon J. Y., Chastre J., Wolff M. et al. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132 (8): 621–630. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-132-8-200004180-00004.Bonten M. J., Bergmans D. C., Stobberingh E. E. et al. Implementation of bronchoscopic techniques in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia to reduce antibiotic use. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156 (6): 1820–1824. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.6.9610117.Bonten M. J., Bergmans D. C., Stobberingh E. E. et al. Implementation of bronchoscopic techniques in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia to reduce antibiotic use. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156 (6): 1820–1824. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.6.9610117.Sanchez-Nieto J. M., Torres A., Garcia-Cordoba F. et al. Impact of invasive and noninvasive quantitative culture sampling on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157 (2): 371–376. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.2.97-02039.Sanchez-Nieto J. M., Torres A., Garcia-Cordoba F. et al. Impact of invasive and noninvasive quantitative culture sampling on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157 (2): 371–376. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.2.97-02039.Solé Violán J., Fernández J. A., Benítez A. B., Cardeñosa Cendrero J. A., Rodríguez de Castro F. Impact of quantitative invasive diagnostic techniques in the management and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28 (8): 2737–2741. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200008000-00009.Solé Violán J., Fernández J. A., Benítez A. B., Cardeñosa Cendrero J. A., Rodríguez de Castro F. Impact of quantitative invasive diagnostic techniques in the management and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28 (8): 2737–2741. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200008000-00009.Ruiz M., Torres A., Ewig S. et al. Noninvasive versus invasive microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia: evaluation of outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 162 (1): 119–125. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907090.Ruiz M., Torres A., Ewig S. et al. Noninvasive versus invasive microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia: evaluation of outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 162 (1): 119–125. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907090.Martin-Loeches I., Chastre J., Wunderink R. G. Bronchoscopy for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49 (1): 79–82. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06898-5.Martin-Loeches I., Chastre J., Wunderink R. G. Bronchoscopy for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49 (1): 79–82. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06898-5.Yoo I. Y., Huh K., Shim H. J. et al. Evaluation of the Biofire filmarray pneumonia panel for rapid detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in sputum and endotracheal aspirate specimens. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 95: 326–331. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.024.Yoo I. Y., Huh K., Shim H. J. et al. Evaluation of the Biofire filmarray pneumonia panel for rapid detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in sputum and endotracheal aspirate specimens. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 95: 326–331. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.024.Endimiani A., Hujer K. M., Hujer A. M. et al. Are we ready for novel detection methods to treat respiratory pathogens in hospital-acquired pneumonia?. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): S373–S383. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir054.Endimiani A., Hujer K. M., Hujer A. M. et al. Are we ready for novel detection methods to treat respiratory pathogens in hospital-acquired pneumonia?. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): S373–S383. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir054.Cilloniz C., Liapikou A., Torres A. Advances in molecular diagnostic tests for pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020; 26 (3): 241–248. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000668.Cilloniz C., Liapikou A., Torres A. Advances in molecular diagnostic tests for pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020; 26 (3): 241–248. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000668.Liapikou A., Cillóniz C., Torres A. Emerging strategies for the noninvasive diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019; 17 (7): 523–533. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1635010.Liapikou A., Cillóniz C., Torres A. Emerging strategies for the noninvasive diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019; 17 (7): 523–533. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1635010.Seng P., Rolain J. M., Fournier P. E., La Scola B., Drancourt M., Raoult D. MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry applications in clinical microbiology. Future Microbiol. 2010; 5 (11): 1733–1754. doi: 10.2217/fmb.10.127.Seng P., Rolain J. M., Fournier P. E., La Scola B., Drancourt M., Raoult D. MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry applications in clinical microbiology. Future Microbiol. 2010; 5 (11): 1733–1754. doi: 10.2217/fmb.10.127.Seng P., Drancourt M., Gouriet F. et al. Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 49 (4): 543–551. doi: 10.1086/600885.Seng P., Drancourt M., Gouriet F. et al. Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 49 (4): 543–551. doi: 10.1086/600885.Huang A. M., Newton D., Kunapuli A. et al. Impact of rapid organism identification via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization timeof-flight combined with antimicrobial stewardship team intervention in adult patients with bacteremia and candidemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 57 (9): 1237–1245. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit498.Huang A. M., Newton D., Kunapuli A. et al. Impact of rapid organism identification via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization timeof-flight combined with antimicrobial stewardship team intervention in adult patients with bacteremia and candidemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 57 (9): 1237–1245. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit498.Mok J. H., Eom J. S., Jo E. J. et al. Clinical utility of rapid pathogen identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization timeof-flight mass spectrometry in ventilated patients with pneumonia: a pilot study. Respirology. 2016; 21 (2): 321–328. doi: 10.1111/resp.12677.Mok J. H., Eom J. S., Jo E. J. et al. Clinical utility of rapid pathogen identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization timeof-flight mass spectrometry in ventilated patients with pneumonia: a pilot study. Respirology. 2016; 21 (2): 321–328. doi: 10.1111/resp.12677.Российские рекомендации. Определение чувствительности микроорганизмов к антимикробным препаратам. Версия 2025-01. Год утверждения (частота пересмотра): 2025 (пересмотр ежегодно). Смоленск: МАКМАХ, СГМУ; 2025; 208.Rossiiskie rekomendatsii. Opredelenie chuvstvitel’nosti mikroorganizmov k antimikrobnym preparatam. Versiya 2025-01. God utverzhdeniya (chastota peresmotra): 2025 (peresmotr ezhegodno). Smolensk: MAKMAKH, SGMU; 2025; 208. (in Russian)European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). EUCAST public consultations [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.eucast.org/publications_and_documents/consultations/European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). EUCAST public consultations [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.eucast.org/publications_and_documents/consultations/Giske C. G., Turnidge J., Cantón R., Kahlmeter G.; EUCAST Steering Committee. Update from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). J Clin Microbiol. 2022; 60 (3): e0027621. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00276-21.Giske C. G., Turnidge J., Cantón R., Kahlmeter G.; EUCAST Steering Committee. Update from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). J Clin Microbiol. 2022; 60 (3): e0027621. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00276-21.Кузьменков А. Ю., Виноградова А. Г., Трушин И. В., Эйдельштейн М. В., Авраменко А. А., Дехнич А. В., и др. AMRmap — система мониторинга антибиотикорезистентности в России. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2021; 23 (2): 198–204. doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2021.2.198-204.Kuzmenkov A. Yu., Vinogradova A. G., Trushin I. V., Edelstein M. V., Avramenko A. A., Dekhnich A. V. et al. AMRmap — antibiotic resistance surveillance system in Russia. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2021; 23 (2): 198–204. doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2021.2.198-204. (in Russian).Яковлев С. В., Суворова М. П., Быков А. О. Инфекции, вызванные карбапенеморезистентными энтеробактериями: эпидемиология, клиническое значение и возможности оптимизации антибактериальной терапии. Антибиотики и химиотер. 2020; 65 (5–6): 41–69. doi: https://doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2020-65-5-6-41-69.Yakovlev S. V., Suvorova M. P., Bykov A. O. Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales: epidemiology, clinical significance, and possibilities for antibiotic therapy optimization. Antibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2020; 65 (5-6): 41–69. doi: https://doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2020-65-5-6-41-69. (in Russian)Козлов С. Н., Козлов Р. С. Современная антимикробная химиотерапия: Руководство для врачей. 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: ООО «Медицинское информационное агентство»; 2017; 400.Kozlov S. N., Kozlov R. S. Sovremennaya antimikrobnaya khimioterapiya: Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei. 3rd ed., rev. and enl. Moscow: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo; 2017; 400. (in Russian)Сидоренко С. В., Тишков В. И. Молекулярные основы резистентности к антибиотикам. Успехи биологической химии. 2004; 44: 263–306.Sidorenko S. V., Tishkov V. I. Molekulyarnye osnovy rezistentnosti k antibiotikam. Uspekhi biologicheskoi khimii. 2004; 44: 263–306. (in Russian)Xu E., Pérez-Torres D., Fragkou P. C., Zahar J. R., Koulenti D. Nosocomial pneumonia in the era of multidrug-resistance: updates in diagnosis and management. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (3): 534. Published 2021 Mar 5. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030534.Xu E., Pérez-Torres D., Fragkou P. C., Zahar J. R., Koulenti D. Nosocomial pneumonia in the era of multidrug-resistance: updates in diagnosis and management. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (3): 534. Published 2021 Mar 5. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030534.Белоцерковский Б. З., Костин Д. М., Быков А. О., Матяш М. И., Шифман Е. М., Проценко Д. Н. Раннее назначение цефтазидима–авибактама как путь к повышению эффективности антибактериальной терапии инфекций, вызванных карбапенемрезистентными возбудителями. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2024; (2): 78–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology202402178.Belotserkovskiy B. Z., Kostin D. M., Bykov A. O., Matyash M. I., Shifman E. M., Protsenko D. N. Early administration of ceftazidime–avibactam for effective antibacterial therapy of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant pathogens. Russian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2024; (2): 78–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology202402178. (in Russian)Белобородов В. Б., Голощапов О. В., Гусаров В. Г., Дехнич А. В., Замятин М. Н., Золотухин К. Н., и др. Диагностика и антимикробная терапия инфекций, вызванных полирезистентными микроорганизмами (обновление 2024 года). Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2025; 22 (2): 149–189. doi: https://doi.org/10.24884/20785658-2025-22-2-149-189.Beloborodov V. B., Goloshchapov O. V., Gusarov V. G., Dekhnich A. V., Zamyatin M. N., Zolotukhin K. N. et al. Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by polyresistant microorganisms (updated 2024). Messenger of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation. 2025; 22 (2): 149–189. doi: https://doi.org/10.24884/20785658-2025-22-2-149-189. (in Russian)Попов Д. А. Сравнительная характеристика современных методов определения продукции карбапенемаз. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2019; 21 (2): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2019.2.125-133.Popov D. A. Comparative review of the modern methods for carbapenemases detection. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2019; 21 (2): 125–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2019.2.125-133. (in Russian)bioMérieux. BioFire Pneumonia Panel [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.biomerieux.com/us/en/our-offer/clinical-products/biofire-pneumonia-panel.htmlbioMérieux. BioFire Pneumonia Panel [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.biomerieux.com/us/en/our-offer/clinical-products/biofire-pneumonia-panel.htmlMurphy C. N., Fowler R., Balada-Llasat J. M. et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Biofire Filmarray Pneumonia/pneumonia plus panel for detection and quantification of agents of lower respiratory tract infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2020; 58 (7): e00128-20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00128-20.Murphy C. N., Fowler R., Balada-Llasat J. M. et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Biofire Filmarray Pneumonia/pneumonia plus panel for detection and quantification of agents of lower respiratory tract infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2020; 58 (7): e00128-20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00128-20.Edin A., Eilers H., Allard A. Evaluation of the Biofire Filmarray Pneumonia panel plus for lower respiratory tract infections. Infect Dis (Lond). 2020; 52 (7): 479–488. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2020.1755053.Edin A., Eilers H., Allard A. Evaluation of the Biofire Filmarray Pneumonia panel plus for lower respiratory tract infections. Infect Dis (Lond). 2020; 52 (7): 479–488. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2020.1755053.Wareham D. W., Phee L. M., Abdul Momin M. H. F. Direct detection of carbapenem resistance determinants in clinical specimens using immunochromatographic lateral flow devices. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73 (7): 1997–1998. doi: 10.1093/jac/dky095.Wareham D. W., Phee L. M., Abdul Momin M. H. F. Direct detection of carbapenem resistance determinants in clinical specimens using immunochromatographic lateral flow devices. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73 (7): 1997–1998. doi: 10.1093/jac/dky095.Белоцерковский Б. З., Круглов А. Н., Ни О. Г., Матяш М. И., Костин Д. М., Шифман Е. М. и др. Этиологическая структура инфекций у пациентов отделения реанимации хирургического профиля в постковидную эпоху. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2024; 26 (2): 124–140. doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2024.2.124-140.Belotserkovskiy B. Z., Kruglov A. N., Ni O. G., Matyash M. I., Kostin D. M., Shifman E. M. et al. Etiological structure of infections in patients of the surgical intensive care unit in the post-covid era. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2024; 26 (2): 124–140. doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/ cmac.2024.2.124-140. (in Russian)Schnabel R., Fijten R., Smolinska A. et al. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath to diagnose ventilator-associated pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 17179. doi: 10.1038/srep17179.Schnabel R., Fijten R., Smolinska A. et al. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath to diagnose ventilator-associated pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 17179. doi: 10.1038/srep17179.Chen C. Y., Lin W. C., Yang H. Y. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia using electronic nose sensor array signals: solutions to improve the application of machine learning in respiratory research. Respir Res. 2020; 21 (1): 45. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-1285-6.Chen C. Y., Lin W. C., Yang H. Y. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia using electronic nose sensor array signals: solutions to improve the application of machine learning in respiratory research. Respir Res. 2020; 21 (1): 45. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-1285-6.Kutz A., Briel M., Christ-Crain M. et al. Prognostic value of procalcitonin in respiratory tract infections across clinical settings. Crit Care. 2015; 19 (1): 74. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0792-1.Kutz A., Briel M., Christ-Crain M. et al. Prognostic value of procalcitonin in respiratory tract infections across clinical settings. Crit Care. 2015; 19 (1): 74. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0792-1.Samsudin I., Vasikaran S. D. Clinical utility and measurement of procalcitonin. Clin Biochem Rev. 2017; 38 (2): 59–68.Samsudin I., Vasikaran S. D. Clinical utility and measurement of procalcitonin. Clin Biochem Rev. 2017; 38 (2): 59–68.Kim J. H. Clinical utility of procalcitonin on antibiotic stewardship: a narrative review. Infect Chemother. 2022; 54 (4): 610–620. doi: 10.3947/ic.2022.0162.Kim J. H. Clinical utility of procalcitonin on antibiotic stewardship: a narrative review. Infect Chemother. 2022; 54 (4): 610–620. doi: 10.3947/ic.2022.0162.Póvoa P., Martin-Loeches I., Ramirez P. et al. Biomarkers kinetics in the assessment of ventilator-associated pneumonia response to antibiotics — results from the BioVAP study. J Crit Care. 2017; 41: 91–97. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.05.007.Póvoa P., Martin-Loeches I., Ramirez P. et al. Biomarkers kinetics in the assessment of ventilator-associated pneumonia response to antibiotics — results from the BioVAP study. J Crit Care. 2017; 41: 91–97. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.05.007.Overstijns M., Scheffler P., Buttler J., Beck J., El Rahal A. Serum procalcitonin in the diagnosis of pneumonia in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Neurosurg Rev. 2025; 48 (1): 373. doi: 10.1007/s10143-02503529-7.Overstijns M., Scheffler P., Buttler J., Beck J., El Rahal A. Serum procalcitonin in the diagnosis of pneumonia in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Neurosurg Rev. 2025; 48 (1): 373. doi: 10.1007/s10143-02503529-7.Pereira M. A., Rouxinol-Dias A. L., Vieira T., Paiva J. A., Pereira J. M. Usefulness of early c-reactive protein kinetics in response and prognostic assessment in infected critically ill patients: an observational retrospective study. Acta Med Port. 2019; 32 (12): 737–745. doi: 10.20344/amp.12143.Pereira M. A., Rouxinol-Dias A. L., Vieira T., Paiva J. A., Pereira J. M. Usefulness of early c-reactive protein kinetics in response and prognostic assessment in infected critically ill patients: an observational retrospective study. Acta Med Port. 2019; 32 (12): 737–745. doi: 10.20344/amp.12143.Farkas J. D. The complete blood count to diagnose septic shock. J Thorac Dis. 2020; 12 (Suppl 1): S16-S21. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.12.63.Farkas J. D. The complete blood count to diagnose septic shock. J Thorac Dis. 2020; 12 (Suppl 1): S16-S21. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.12.63.Belok S. H., Bosch N. A., Klings E. S., Walkey A. J. Evaluation of leukopenia during sepsis as a marker of sepsis-defining organ dysfunction. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (6): e0252206. Published 2021 Jun 24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252206.Belok S. H., Bosch N. A., Klings E. S., Walkey A. J. Evaluation of leukopenia during sepsis as a marker of sepsis-defining organ dysfunction. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (6): e0252206. Published 2021 Jun 24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252206.Gromelsky Ljungcrantz E., Askman S., Sjövall F., Paulsson M. Biomarkers in lower respiratory tract samples in the diagnosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev. 2025; 34 (176): 240229. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0229-2024.Gromelsky Ljungcrantz E., Askman S., Sjövall F., Paulsson M. Biomarkers in lower respiratory tract samples in the diagnosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev. 2025; 34 (176): 240229. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0229-2024.Conway Morris A., Kefala K., Wilkinson T. S. et al. Diagnostic importance of pulmonary interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 in ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Thorax. 2010; 65 (3): 201–207. doi: 10.1136/thx.2009.122291Conway Morris A., Kefala K., Wilkinson T. S. et al. Diagnostic importance of pulmonary interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 in ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Thorax. 2010; 65 (3): 201–207. doi: 10.1136/thx.2009.122291Hellyer T. P., McAuley D. F., Walsh T. S. et al. Biomarker-guided antibiotic stewardship in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAPrapid2): a randomised controlled trial and process evaluation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8 (2): 182–191. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30367-4.Hellyer T. P., McAuley D. F., Walsh T. S. et al. Biomarker-guided antibiotic stewardship in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAPrapid2): a randomised controlled trial and process evaluation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8 (2): 182–191. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30367-4.Torres A., Niederman M. S., Chastre J. et al. Summary of the international clinical guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired and ventilator-acquired pneumonia. ERJ Open Research. 2018; 4 (2): 00028–02018. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00028-2018.Torres A., Niederman M. S., Chastre J. et al. Summary of the international clinical guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired and ventilator-acquired pneumonia. ERJ Open Research. 2018; 4 (2): 00028–02018. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00028-2018.Pugin J., Auckenthaler R., Mili N., Janssens J. P., Lew P. D., Suter P. M. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic «blind» bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991; 143 (5 Pt 1): 1121–1129. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.5_Pt_1.1121.Pugin J., Auckenthaler R., Mili N., Janssens J. P., Lew P. D., Suter P. M. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic «blind» bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991; 143 (5 Pt 1): 1121–1129. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.5_Pt_1.1121.Kollef M. H. Clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation of ventilator-associated pneumonia. In: Manaker S., ed. UpToDate [Internet]. Wolters Kluwer; 2025 Apr 25 [cited 2025 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnostic-evaluation-of-ventilator-associated-pneumoniaKollef M. H. Clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation of ventilator-associated pneumonia. In: Manaker S., ed. UpToDate [Internet]. Wolters Kluwer; 2025 Apr 25 [cited 2025 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnostic-evaluation-of-ventilator-associated-pneumoniaБелоцерковский Б. З. Нозокомиальная пневмония, связанная с ИВЛ у хирургических больных: Дисс. на соискание учёной степени канд. мед. наук. М.; 1999.БBelotserkovskiy B. Z. Nozokomial’naya pnevmoniya, svyazannaya s IVL u khirurgicheskikh bol’nykh [dissertation]. Moscow; 1999. (in Russian)Проценко Д. Н. Нозокомиальная пневмония у больных в острый период тяжёлой травмы: Дисс. на соискание учёной степени канд. мед. наук. М.; 2003. [Protsenko D. N. Nozokomial’naya pnevmoniya u bol’nykh v ostryi period tyazheloi travmy [dissertation]. Moscow; 2003. (in Russian)]Protsenko D. N. Nozokomial’naya pnevmoniya u bol’nykh v ostryi period tyazheloi travmy [dissertation]. Moscow; 2003. (in Russian)Zagli G., Cozzolino M., Terreni A., Biagioli T., Caldini A. L., Peris A. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot, exploratory analysis of a new score based on procalcitonin and chest echography. Chest. 2014; 146 (6): 1578–1585. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-2922.Zagli G., Cozzolino M., Terreni A., Biagioli T., Caldini A. L., Peris A. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot, exploratory analysis of a new score based on procalcitonin and chest echography. Chest. 2014; 146 (6): 1578–1585. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-2922.Zhou J., Song J., Gong S. et al. Lung ultrasound combined with procalcitonin for a diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care. 2019; 64 (5): 519–527. doi: 10.4187/respcare.06377.Zhou J., Song J., Gong S. et al. Lung ultrasound combined with procalcitonin for a diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care. 2019; 64 (5): 519–527. doi: 10.4187/respcare.06377.Mongodi S., Via G., Girard M. et al. Lung ultrasound for early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2016; 149 (4): 969–980. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.012.Mongodi S., Via G., Girard M. et al. Lung ultrasound for early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2016; 149 (4): 969–980. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.012.Bouhemad B., Liu Z. H., Arbelot C. et al. Ultrasound assessment of antibiotic-induced pulmonary reaeration in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2010; 38 (1): 84–92. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b08cdb.Bouhemad B., Liu Z. H., Arbelot C. et al. Ultrasound assessment of antibiotic-induced pulmonary reaeration in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2010; 38 (1): 84–92. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b08cdb.Ego A., Preiser J. C., Vincent J. L. Impact of diagnostic criteria on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2015; 147 (2): 347–355. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-0610.Ego A., Preiser J. C., Vincent J. L. Impact of diagnostic criteria on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2015; 147 (2): 347–355. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-0610.Claessens Y. E., Debray M. P., Tubach F. et al. Early chest computed tomography scan to assist diagnosis and guide treatment decision for suspected community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 192 (8): 974–982. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201501-0017OC.Claessens Y. E., Debray M. P., Tubach F. et al. Early chest computed tomography scan to assist diagnosis and guide treatment decision for suspected community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 192 (8): 974–982. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201501-0017OC.Self W. H., Courtney D. M., McNaughton C. D., Wunderink R. G., Kline J. A. High discordance of chest x-ray and computed tomography for detection of pulmonary opacities in ED patients: implications for diagnosing pneumonia. Am J Emerg Med. 2013; 31 (2): 401–405. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.08.041.Self W. H., Courtney D. M., McNaughton C. D., Wunderink R. G., Kline J. A. High discordance of chest x-ray and computed tomography for detection of pulmonary opacities in ED patients: implications for diagnosing pneumonia. Am J Emerg Med. 2013; 31 (2): 401–405. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.08.041.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.