antibioticsАнтибиотики и ХимиотерапияAntibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy0235-2990ООО «Издательство ОКИ»10.37489/0235-2990-2025-70-9-10-91-104DOSOTMantibiotics-1298Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSГлюкокортикоиды и инфекции в ревматологииGlucocorticoids and Infections in Rheumatologyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7091-2054БеловБ.  С.BelovB. S.

Белов Борис Сергеевич — д. м. н., заведующий лабораторией коморбидных инфекций и вакцинопрофилактики

Москва

Researcher ID: ABD-2219-2020

Scopus Author ID: 7004592537 

Boris S. Belov — D. Sc. in Medicine, Head of the Laboratory of Comorbid Infections and Vaccine Prevention

Moscow

 Researcher ID: ABD-2219-2020

Scopus Author ID: 7004592537. 

belovbor@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4327-6720МуравьеваН.  В.MuravyevaN. V.

Муравьева Наталья Валерьевна — к. м. н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории коморбидных инфекций и вакцинопрофилактики

Москва

Researcher ID: AAF-4853-2021

Author ID: 57210263706

Natalia V. Muravyeva — Ph. D. in Medicine, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Comorbid Infections and Vaccine Prevention

Moscow

Researcher ID: AAF-4853-2021

Scopus Author ID: 57210263706. 

ФБГНУ НИИ ревматологии им. В. А. НасоновойРоссияV. A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В. А. Насоновой»РоссияV. A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian Federation202530102025709-1091104Copyright © Белов Б.С., Муравьева Н.В., 20262026Белов Б.С., Муравьева Н.В.Belov B.S., Muravyeva N.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/1298

Глюкокортикоиды (ГК) — широко распространённые противовоспалительные препараты, используемые в медицинской практике. Иммуносупрессивное действие системных ГК и повышенная восприимчивость к инфекциям хорошо известны. Рандомизированные контролируемые исследования применения ГК в низких дозах и в короткие сроки, как правило, не выявляли повышенного риска коморбидных инфекций (КИ) или показали его отсутствие. Однако наблюдательные исследования в условиях реальной клинической практики неизменно демонстрируют дозозависимое увеличение риска серьёзных КИ, в т. ч. оппортунистических (пневмоцистной пневмонии, опоясывающего лишая и туберкулёза). В обзоре представлены основные иммунологические эффекты ГК, повышающие восприимчивость к КИ. Проанализированы риски КИ у больных иммуновоспалительными ревматическими заболеваниями (ИВРЗ), получающих ГК с учётом влияния доз, длительности их применения в сочетании с биологическими факторами макроорганизма, а также сопутствующей иммуносупрессивной терапией. Врачам следует активно оценивать соотношение пользы и риска системных ГК у больных ИВРЗ и принимать профилактические меры для предупреждения инфекционных осложнений.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widespread anti-inflammatory drugs used in medical practice. The immunosuppressive effect of systemic GCs and increased susceptibility to infections are well known. Randomized controlled trials of the use of GCs in low doses and in short periods, as a rule, did not reveal an increased risk of comorbid infections (CI) or even showed its absence. However, observational studies in real clinical practice consistently demonstrate a dose-dependent increase in the risk of serious CI, including opportunistic ones (pneumocystis pneumonia, shingles, and tuberculosis). The review presents the main immunological effects of GCs that increase susceptibility to CI. The risks of CI in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IIRDs) receiving GCs were analyzed, taking into account the effect of doses, the duration of their use in combination with biological factors of the macro-organism, as well as concomitant immunosuppressive therapy. Physicians should actively evaluate the benefit-risk ratio of systemic GCs in patients with IIRD and take preventive measures to prevent infectious complications.

глюкокортикоидыиммуновоспалительные ревматические заболеванияинфекциипневмоцистная пневмониятуберкулёзгерпес-вирусные инфекциивирусный гепатит ВCOVID-19glucocorticoidsimmune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseasesinfectionspneumocystis pneumoniatuberculosisherpes virus infectionshepatitis B virusCOVID-19Статья подготовлена в рамках научно-исследовательской работы ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В. А. Насоновой», № государственного задания РК 125020301268-4. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.This article was prepared as part of the research project of the V. A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, State Assignment No. 125020301268-4. The study did not receive any sponsorship.ReferencesHench P. S., Kendall E. C., Slocumb C. H., Polley H. F. The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1949; 24: 181–197.Hench P. S., Kendall E. C., Slocumb C. H., Polley H. F. The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1949; 24: 181–197.Chastain D. B., Spradlin M., Ahmad H., Henao-Martínez A. F. Unintended consequences: risk of opportunistic infections associated with long-term glucocorticoid therapies in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2024; 78 (4): e37–e56. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad474.Chastain D. B., Spradlin M., Ahmad H., Henao-Martínez A. F. Unintended consequences: risk of opportunistic infections associated with long-term glucocorticoid therapies in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2024; 78 (4): e37–e56. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad474.Полянская М. В. Пневмония при ревматических заболеваниях: частота встречаемости, клиническая картина, факторы риска. Дис.. канд. мед. наук. М.: 2009. https://www.dissercat.com/content/pnevmoniya-pri-revmaticheskikh-zabolevaniyakh-chastota-vstrechaemosti-klinicheskaya-kartina-?ysclid=mh8v4rarhn475605997.Polyanskaya M. V. Pnevmoniya pri revmaticheskikh zabolevaniyakh: chastota vstrechaemosti, klinicheskaya kartina, faktory riska [dissertation]. Moskov; 2009 (in Russian)]. https://www.dissercat.com/content/pnevmoniya-pri-revmaticheskikh-zabolevaniyakh-chastota-vstrechaemosti-klinicheskaya-kartina-?ysclid=mh8v4rarhn475605997. (in Russian)]Smitten A. L., Choi H. K., Hochberg M. C., Suissa S., Simon T. A., Testa M. A., Chan K. A. The risk of hospitalized infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008 Mar; 35 (3): 387–93.Smitten A. L., Choi H. K., Hochberg M. C., Suissa S., Simon T. A., Testa M. A., Chan K. A. The risk of hospitalized infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008 Mar; 35 (3): 387–93.Doran M. F., Crowson C. S., Pond G. R., O'Fallon W. M., Gabriel S. E. Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46 (9): 2294–300. doi: 10.1002/art.10529.Doran M. F., Crowson C. S., Pond G. R., O'Fallon W. M., Gabriel S. E. Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46 (9): 2294–300. doi: 10.1002/art.10529.Yang S. C., Lai Y. Y., Huang M. C., Tsai C. S., Wang J. L. Corticosteroid dose and the risk of opportunistic infection in a national systemic lupus erythematosus cohort. Lupus. 2018; 27 (11): 1819–1827. doi: 10.1177/0961203318792352.Yang S. C., Lai Y. Y., Huang M. C., Tsai C. S., Wang J. L. Corticosteroid dose and the risk of opportunistic infection in a national systemic lupus erythematosus cohort. Lupus. 2018; 27 (11): 1819–1827. doi: 10.1177/0961203318792352.Frodlund M., Jönsen A., Remkus L., Telg G., Söderdahl F., Leonard D. Glucocorticoid treatment in SLE is associated with infections, comorbidities and mortality-a national cohort study. Rheumatology. 2024; 63 (4): 1104–1112. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead348.Frodlund M., Jönsen A., Remkus L., Telg G., Söderdahl F., Leonard D. Glucocorticoid treatment in SLE is associated with infections, comorbidities and mortality-a national cohort study. Rheumatology. 2024; 63 (4): 1104–1112. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead348.Abe K., Ishikawa Y., Kita Y., Yajima N., Inoue E., Sada K. E. et al. Association of low-dose glucocorticoid use and infection occurrence in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2022; 24 (1): 179. doi: 10.1186/s13075-022-02869-9.Abe K., Ishikawa Y., Kita Y., Yajima N., Inoue E., Sada K. E. et al. Association of low-dose glucocorticoid use and infection occurrence in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2022; 24 (1): 179. doi: 10.1186/s13075-022-02869-9.Franklin J., Lunt M., Bunn D., Symmons D., Silman A. Risk and predictors of infection leading to hospitalization in a large primary-care-derived cohort of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007; 66 (3): 308–12. doi: 10.1136/ard.2006.057265.Franklin J., Lunt M., Bunn D., Symmons D., Silman A. Risk and predictors of infection leading to hospitalization in a large primary-care-derived cohort of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007; 66 (3): 308–12. doi: 10.1136/ard.2006.057265.Lacaille D., Guh D. P., Abrahamowicz M., Anis A. H., Esdaile J. M. Use of nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 59 (8): 1074–81. doi: 10.1002/art.23913.Lacaille D., Guh D. P., Abrahamowicz M., Anis A. H., Esdaile J. M. Use of nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 59 (8): 1074–81. doi: 10.1002/art.23913.Lane M. A., McDonald J. R., Zeringue A. L., Caplan L., Curtis J. R., Ranganathan P., Eisen S. A. TNF-α antagonist use and risk of hospitalization for infection in a national cohort of veterans with rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2011; 90 (2): 139–145. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e318211106a.Lane M. A., McDonald J. R., Zeringue A. L., Caplan L., Curtis J. R., Ranganathan P., Eisen S. A. TNF-α antagonist use and risk of hospitalization for infection in a national cohort of veterans with rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2011; 90 (2): 139–145. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e318211106a.Crowson C. S., Hoganson D. D., Fitz-Gibbon P. D., Matteson E. L. Development and validation of a risk score for serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 64 (9): 2847–55. doi: 10.1002/art.34530.Crowson C. S., Hoganson D. D., Fitz-Gibbon P. D., Matteson E. L. Development and validation of a risk score for serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 64 (9): 2847–55. doi: 10.1002/art.34530.Curtis J. R., Patkar N., Xie A., Martin C., Allison J. J., Saag M. et al. Risk of serious bacterial infections among rheumatoid arthritis patients exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56 (4): 1125–33. doi: 10.1002/art.22504.Curtis J. R., Patkar N., Xie A., Martin C., Allison J. J., Saag M. et al. Risk of serious bacterial infections among rheumatoid arthritis patients exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56 (4): 1125–33. doi: 10.1002/art.22504.Wilson J. C., Sarsour K., Gale S., Pethö-Schramm A., Jick S. S., Meier C. R. Incidence and risk of glucocorticoid-associated adverse effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019; 71 (4): 498–511. doi: 10.1002/acr.23611. PMID: 29856128.Wilson J. C., Sarsour K., Gale S., Pethö-Schramm A., Jick S. S., Meier C. R. Incidence and risk of glucocorticoid-associated adverse effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019; 71 (4): 498–511. doi: 10.1002/acr.23611. PMID: 29856128.Grijalva C. G., Chen L., Delzell E., Baddley J. W., Beukelman T., Winthrop K. L. et al. Initiation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists and the risk of hospitalization for infection in patients with autoimmune diseases. JAMA. 2011; 306 (21): 2331–2339. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1692.Grijalva C. G., Chen L., Delzell E., Baddley J. W., Beukelman T., Winthrop K. L. et al. Initiation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists and the risk of hospitalization for infection in patients with autoimmune diseases. JAMA. 2011; 306 (21): 2331–2339. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1692.Widdifield J., Bernatsky S., Paterson J. M., Gunraj N., Thorne J. C., Pope J. et al. Serious infections in a population-based cohort of 86,039 seniors with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013; 65 (3): 353–61. doi: 10.1002/acr.21812.Widdifield J., Bernatsky S., Paterson J. M., Gunraj N., Thorne J. C., Pope J. et al. Serious infections in a population-based cohort of 86,039 seniors with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013; 65 (3): 353–61. doi: 10.1002/acr.21812.Dixon W. G., Abrahamowicz M., Beauchamp M. E., Ray D. W., Bernatsky S., Suissa S., Sylvestre M. P. Immediate and delayed impact of oral glucocorticoid therapy on risk of serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case-control analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012; 71 (7): 1128–33. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200702.Dixon W. G., Abrahamowicz M., Beauchamp M. E., Ray D. W., Bernatsky S., Suissa S., Sylvestre M. P. Immediate and delayed impact of oral glucocorticoid therapy on risk of serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case-control analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012; 71 (7): 1128–33. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200702.Schneeweiss S., Setoguchi S., Weinblatt M. E., Katz J. N., Avorn J., Sax P. E. et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy and the risk of serious bacterial infections in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56 (6): 1754–64. doi: 10.1002/art.22600.Schneeweiss S., Setoguchi S., Weinblatt M. E., Katz J. N., Avorn J., Sax P. E. et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy and the risk of serious bacterial infections in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56 (6): 1754–64. doi: 10.1002/art.22600.Greenberg J. D., Reed G., Kremer J. M., Tindall E., Kavanaugh A., Zheng C. et al. Association of methotrexate and tumour necrosis factor antagonists with risk of infectious outcomes including opportunistic infections in the CORRONA registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Feb; 69 (2): 380–6. doi: 10.1136/ard.2008.089276.Greenberg J. D., Reed G., Kremer J. M., Tindall E., Kavanaugh A., Zheng C. et al. Association of methotrexate and tumour necrosis factor antagonists with risk of infectious outcomes including opportunistic infections in the CORRONA registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Feb; 69 (2): 380–6. doi: 10.1136/ard.2008.089276.Gale S., Wilson J. C., Chia J., Trinh H., Tuckwell K., Collinson N. et al. Risk associated with cumulative oral glucocorticoid use in patients with giant cell arteritis in real-world databases from the USA and UK. Rheumatol Ther. 2018; 5 (2): 327–340. doi: 10.1007/s40744-018-0112-8.Gale S., Wilson J. C., Chia J., Trinh H., Tuckwell K., Collinson N. et al. Risk associated with cumulative oral glucocorticoid use in patients with giant cell arteritis in real-world databases from the USA and UK. Rheumatol Ther. 2018; 5 (2): 327–340. doi: 10.1007/s40744-018-0112-8.Tanaka Y., Tanaka S., Fukasawa T., Inokuchi S., Uenaka H., Kimura T. et al. Glucocorticoid treatment and clinical outcomes in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: A cohort study using routinely collected health data. Joint Bone Spine. 2024; 91 (3): 105680. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2023.105680.Tanaka Y., Tanaka S., Fukasawa T., Inokuchi S., Uenaka H., Kimura T. et al. Glucocorticoid treatment and clinical outcomes in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: A cohort study using routinely collected health data. Joint Bone Spine. 2024; 91 (3): 105680. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2023.105680.Mehta B., Pedro S., Ozen G., Kalil A., Wolfe F., Mikuls T., Michaud K. Serious infection risk in rheumatoid arthritis compared with non-inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: a US national cohort study. RMD Open. 2019; 5 (1): e000935. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000935.Mehta B., Pedro S., Ozen G., Kalil A., Wolfe F., Mikuls T., Michaud K. Serious infection risk in rheumatoid arthritis compared with non-inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: a US national cohort study. RMD Open. 2019; 5 (1): e000935. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000935.Migita K., Sasaki Y., Ishizuka N., Arai T., Kiyokawa T., Suematsu E. et al. Glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of infection in patients with newly diagnosed autoimmune disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2013; 92 (5): 285–293. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3182a72299.Migita K., Sasaki Y., Ishizuka N., Arai T., Kiyokawa T., Suematsu E. et al. Glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of infection in patients with newly diagnosed autoimmune disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2013; 92 (5): 285–293. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3182a72299.Best J. H., Kong A. M., Unizony S., Tran O., Michalska M. Risk of potential glucocorticoid-related adverse events in patients with giant cell arteritis: results from a USA-based electronic health records database. Rheumatol Ther. 2019; 6 (4): 599–610. doi: 10.1007/s40744-019-00180-9.Best J. H., Kong A. M., Unizony S., Tran O., Michalska M. Risk of potential glucocorticoid-related adverse events in patients with giant cell arteritis: results from a USA-based electronic health records database. Rheumatol Ther. 2019; 6 (4): 599–610. doi: 10.1007/s40744-019-00180-9.Katz P., Pedro S., Park J., Choi J., Michaud K. The burden of glucocorticoids: patterns of use, adverse health conditions, and health care use in two cohorts with systemic lupus erythematosus. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2024; 6 (12): 918–926. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11733.Katz P., Pedro S., Park J., Choi J., Michaud K. The burden of glucocorticoids: patterns of use, adverse health conditions, and health care use in two cohorts with systemic lupus erythematosus. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2024; 6 (12): 918–926. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11733.Dixon W. G., Suissa S., Hudson M. The association between systemic glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analyses. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011; 13 (4): R139. doi: 10.1186/ar3453.Dixon W. G., Suissa S., Hudson M. The association between systemic glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analyses. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011; 13 (4): R139. doi: 10.1186/ar3453.Palmowski A., Nielsen S. M., Boyadzhieva Z., Schneider A., Pankow A., Hartman L. et al. Safety and efficacy associated with long-term low-dose glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023; 62 (8): 2652–2660. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead088.Palmowski A., Nielsen S. M., Boyadzhieva Z., Schneider A., Pankow A., Hartman L. et al. Safety and efficacy associated with long-term low-dose glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023; 62 (8): 2652–2660. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead088.Wolfe F., Caplan L., Michaud K. Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia: associations with prednisone, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54 (2): 628–34. doi: 10.1002/art.21568. PMID: 16447241.Wolfe F., Caplan L., Michaud K. Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia: associations with prednisone, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54 (2): 628–34. doi: 10.1002/art.21568. PMID: 16447241.Frede N., Rieger E., Lorenzetti R., Nieters A., Venhoff A. C., Hentze C. et al. Respiratory tract infections and risk factors for infection in a cohort of 330 patients with axial spondyloarthritis or psoriatic arthritis. Front Immunol. 2022; 13: 1040725. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040725.Frede N., Rieger E., Lorenzetti R., Nieters A., Venhoff A. C., Hentze C. et al. Respiratory tract infections and risk factors for infection in a cohort of 330 patients with axial spondyloarthritis or psoriatic arthritis. Front Immunol. 2022; 13: 1040725. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040725.Zhou X., Li H., Wang N., Jin Y., He J. Respiratory infection risk in primary Sjögren's syndrome complicated with interstitial lung disease: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2024 Feb; 43 (2): 707–715. doi: 10.1007/s10067-023-06803-5.Zhou X., Li H., Wang N., Jin Y., He J. Respiratory infection risk in primary Sjögren's syndrome complicated with interstitial lung disease: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2024 Feb; 43 (2): 707–715. doi: 10.1007/s10067-023-06803-5.Chen M. H., Chen M. H., Liu C. Y., Tsai C. Y., Huang D. F., Lin H. Y. et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing biologics treatment. J Infect Dis. 2017; 215 (4): 566–573. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw606.Chen M. H., Chen M. H., Liu C. Y., Tsai C. Y., Huang D. F., Lin H. Y. et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing biologics treatment. J Infect Dis. 2017; 215 (4): 566–573. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw606.Lin W. T., Chen Y. M., Chen D. Y., Lan J. L., Chang C. S., Yeh H. Z., Yang S. S. Increased risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in systemic lupus erythematosus patients receiving immunosuppressants: a retrospective cohort study. Lupus. 2018; 27 (1): 66–75. doi: 10.1177/0961203317711009.Lin W. T., Chen Y. M., Chen D. Y., Lan J. L., Chang C. S., Yeh H. Z., Yang S. S. Increased risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in systemic lupus erythematosus patients receiving immunosuppressants: a retrospective cohort study. Lupus. 2018; 27 (1): 66–75. doi: 10.1177/0961203317711009.Chen M. H., Wu C.S., Chen M. H., Tsai C. Y., Lee F. Y., Huang Y. H. High risk of viral reactivation in hepatitis B patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22 (17): 9116. doi: 10.3390/ijms22179116.Chen M. H., Wu C.S., Chen M. H., Tsai C. Y., Lee F. Y., Huang Y. H. High risk of viral reactivation in hepatitis B patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22 (17): 9116. doi: 10.3390/ijms22179116.Li L., Hsu S. H., Gu X., Jiang S., Shang L., Sun G. et al. Aetiology and prognostic risk factors of mortality in patients with pneumonia receiving glucocorticoids alone or glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressants: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020; 10 (10): e037419. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037419.Li L., Hsu S. H., Gu X., Jiang S., Shang L., Sun G. et al. Aetiology and prognostic risk factors of mortality in patients with pneumonia receiving glucocorticoids alone or glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressants: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020; 10 (10): e037419. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037419.González-Naranjo L. A., Coral-Enríquez J. A., Restrepo-Escobar M., Muñoz-Vahos C. H., Jaramillo-Arroyave D., Vanegas-García A. L. et al. Factors associated with active tuberculosis in Colombian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. Clin Rheumatol. 2021; 40 (1): 181–191. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05225-x.González-Naranjo L. A., Coral-Enríquez J. A., Restrepo-Escobar M., Muñoz-Vahos C. H., Jaramillo-Arroyave D., Vanegas-García A. L. et al. Factors associated with active tuberculosis in Colombian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. Clin Rheumatol. 2021; 40 (1): 181–191. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05225-x.Tam L. S., Li E. K., Wong S. M., Szeto C. C. Risk factors and clinical features for tuberculosis among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Hong Kong. Scand J Rheumatol. 2002; 31 (5): 296–300. doi: 10.1080/030097402760375205.Tam L. S., Li E. K., Wong S. M., Szeto C. C. Risk factors and clinical features for tuberculosis among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Hong Kong. Scand J Rheumatol. 2002; 31 (5): 296–300. doi: 10.1080/030097402760375205.Torres-González P., Romero-Díaz J., Cervera-Hernández M. E., Ocampo-Torres M., Chaires-Garza L. G., Lastiri-González E. A. et al. Tuberculosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in Mexico City. Clin Rheumatol. 2018; 37 (8): 2095–2102. doi: 10.1007/s10067-018-4109-z.Torres-González P., Romero-Díaz J., Cervera-Hernández M. E., Ocampo-Torres M., Chaires-Garza L. G., Lastiri-González E. A. et al. Tuberculosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in Mexico City. Clin Rheumatol. 2018; 37 (8): 2095–2102. doi: 10.1007/s10067-018-4109-z.Lao M., Chen D., Wu X, Chen H., Qiu Q., Yang X., Zhan Z. Active tuberculosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from Southern China: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2019; 38 (2): 535–543. doi: 10.1007/s10067-018-4303-z.Lao M., Chen D., Wu X, Chen H., Qiu Q., Yang X., Zhan Z. Active tuberculosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from Southern China: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2019; 38 (2): 535–543. doi: 10.1007/s10067-018-4303-z.Katsuyama T., Saito K., Kubo S., Nawata M., Tanaka Y. Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biologics, based on risk factors found in a retrospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014; 16 (1): R43. doi: 10.1186/ar4472.Katsuyama T., Saito K., Kubo S., Nawata M., Tanaka Y. Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biologics, based on risk factors found in a retrospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014; 16 (1): R43. doi: 10.1186/ar4472.Harigai M., Koike R., Miyasaka N.; Pneumocystis Pneumonia under Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy (PAT) Study Group. Pneumocystis pneumonia associated with infliximab in Japan. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357 (18): 1874–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc070728.Harigai M., Koike R., Miyasaka N.; Pneumocystis Pneumonia under Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy (PAT) Study Group. Pneumocystis pneumonia associated with infliximab in Japan. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357 (18): 1874–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc070728.Hsu H. C., Chang Y. S., Hou T. Y., Chen L. F., Hu L. F., Lin T. M., et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a nationwide population-based study. Clin Rheumatol. 2021; 40 (9): 3755–3763. doi: 10.1007/s10067-021-05660-4.Hsu H. C., Chang Y. S., Hou T. Y., Chen L. F., Hu L. F., Lin T. M., et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a nationwide population-based study. Clin Rheumatol. 2021; 40 (9): 3755–3763. doi: 10.1007/s10067-021-05660-4.Zhao Z., Huang Y., Ming B., Zhong J., Dong L. Characterization and associated risk factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with AIRD: a retrospective study. Rheumatology. 2022; 61 (9): 3766–3776. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab941.Zhao Z., Huang Y., Ming B., Zhong J., Dong L. Characterization and associated risk factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with AIRD: a retrospective study. Rheumatology. 2022; 61 (9): 3766–3776. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab941.Park J. W., Curtis J. R., Moon J., Song Y. W., Kim S., Lee E. B. Prophylactic effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with rheumatic diseases exposed to prolonged high-dose glucocorticoids. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018; 77 (5): 644–649. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211796.Park J. W., Curtis J. R., Moon J., Song Y. W., Kim S., Lee E. B. Prophylactic effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with rheumatic diseases exposed to prolonged high-dose glucocorticoids. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018; 77 (5): 644–649. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211796.Park J. W., Curtis J. R., Kim M. J., Lee H., Song Y. W., Lee E. B. Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving prolonged, non-high-dose steroids-clinical implication of primary prophylaxis using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019; 21 (1): 207. doi: 10.1186/s13075-019-1996-6.Park J. W., Curtis J. R., Kim M. J., Lee H., Song Y. W., Lee E. B. Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving prolonged, non-high-dose steroids-clinical implication of primary prophylaxis using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019; 21 (1): 207. doi: 10.1186/s13075-019-1996-6.Mok C. C., Ho LY, Tse S. M., Chan K. L., To C. H. Prevalence and risk factors of herpes zoster infection in patients with rheumatic diseases not receiving biologic or targeted therapies. Clin Rheumatol. 2023; 42 (4): 1019–1026. doi: 10.1007/s10067-022-06450-2.Mok C. C., Ho LY, Tse S. M., Chan K. L., To C. H. Prevalence and risk factors of herpes zoster infection in patients with rheumatic diseases not receiving biologic or targeted therapies. Clin Rheumatol. 2023; 42 (4): 1019–1026. doi: 10.1007/s10067-022-06450-2.Hu S. C., Yen F. L., Wang T. N., Lin Y. C., Lin C. L., Chen G. S. Immunosuppressive medication use and risk of herpes zoster (HZ) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A nationwide case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016; 75 (1): 49–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.12.059.Hu S. C., Yen F. L., Wang T. N., Lin Y. C., Lin C. L., Chen G. S. Immunosuppressive medication use and risk of herpes zoster (HZ) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A nationwide case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016; 75 (1): 49–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.12.059.Pappas D. A., Hooper M. M., Kremer J. M., Reed G., Shan Y., Wenkert D. et al. Herpes zoster reactivation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of disease characteristics and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015; 67 (12): 1671–8. doi: 10.1002/acr.22628.Pappas D. A., Hooper M. M., Kremer J. M., Reed G., Shan Y., Wenkert D. et al. Herpes zoster reactivation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of disease characteristics and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015; 67 (12): 1671–8. doi: 10.1002/acr.22628.Veetil B. M., Myasoedova E., Matteson E. L., Gabriel S. E., Green A. B., Crowson C. S. Incidence and time trends of herpes zoster in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013; 65 (6): 854–61. doi: 10.1002/acr.21928.Veetil B. M., Myasoedova E., Matteson E. L., Gabriel S. E., Green A. B., Crowson C. S. Incidence and time trends of herpes zoster in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013; 65 (6): 854–61. doi: 10.1002/acr.21928.Winthrop K. L., Baddley J. W., Chen L., Liu L., Grijalva C. G., Delzell E. et al. Association between the initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and the risk of herpes zoster. JAMA. 2013; 309 (9): 887–95. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.1099.Winthrop K. L., Baddley J. W., Chen L., Liu L., Grijalva C. G., Delzell E. et al. Association between the initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and the risk of herpes zoster. JAMA. 2013; 309 (9): 887–95. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.1099.Fernandez-Gutierrez B., Leon L., Madrid A., Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Freites D., Font J. et al. Hospital admissions in inflammatory rheumatic diseases during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic: incidence and role of disease-modifying agents. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021 Feb 4; 13: 1759720X20962692. doi: 10.1177/1759720X20962692.Fernandez-Gutierrez B., Leon L., Madrid A., Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Freites D., Font J. et al. Hospital admissions in inflammatory rheumatic diseases during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic: incidence and role of disease-modifying agents. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021 Feb 4; 13: 1759720X20962692. doi: 10.1177/1759720X20962692.Haberman R. H., Castillo R., Chen A., Yan D., Ramirez D., Sekar V. et al. COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory arthritis: a prospective study on the effects of comorbidities and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Dec; 72 (12): 1981–1989. doi: 10.1002/art.41456.Haberman R. H., Castillo R., Chen A., Yan D., Ramirez D., Sekar V. et al. COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory arthritis: a prospective study on the effects of comorbidities and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Dec; 72 (12): 1981–1989. doi: 10.1002/art.41456.Conway R., Nikiphorou E., Demetriou C. A., Low C., Leamy K., Ryan J. G. et al. Predictors of hospitalization in patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19 in Ireland: data from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance registry. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2021; 5 (2): rkab031. doi: 10.1093/rap/rkab031.Conway R., Nikiphorou E., Demetriou C. A., Low C., Leamy K., Ryan J. G. et al. Predictors of hospitalization in patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19 in Ireland: data from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance registry. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2021; 5 (2): rkab031. doi: 10.1093/rap/rkab031.England B. R., Roul P., Yang Y., Kalil A. C., Michaud K., Thiele G. M. et al. Risk of COVID-19 in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A National Veterans Affairs Matched Cohort Study in At-Risk Individuals. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021; 73 (12): 2179–2188. doi: 10.1002/art.41800.England B. R., Roul P., Yang Y., Kalil A. C., Michaud K., Thiele G. M. et al. Risk of COVID-19 in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A National Veterans Affairs Matched Cohort Study in At-Risk Individuals. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021; 73 (12): 2179–2188. doi: 10.1002/art.41800.Attauabi M., Seidelin J. B., Felding O. K., Wewer M. D., Vinther Arp L. K., Sarikaya M. Z. et al. Coronavirus disease 2019, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immunosuppressive therapies — A Danish population-based cohort study. J Autoimmun. 2021 Mar; 118: 102613. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102613.Attauabi M., Seidelin J. B., Felding O. K., Wewer M. D., Vinther Arp L. K., Sarikaya M. Z. et al. Coronavirus disease 2019, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immunosuppressive therapies — A Danish population-based cohort study. J Autoimmun. 2021 Mar; 118: 102613. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102613.FAI2R /SFR/SNFMI/SOFREMIP/CRI/IMIDIATE consortium and contributors. Severity of COVID-19 and survival in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory diseases: data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort of 694 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021; 80 (4): 527–538. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218310.FAI2R /SFR/SNFMI/SOFREMIP/CRI/IMIDIATE consortium and contributors. Severity of COVID-19 and survival in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory diseases: data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort of 694 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021; 80 (4): 527–538. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218310.Esatoglu S. N., Tascilar K., Babaoğlu H., Bes C., Yurttas B., Akar S. et al. COVID-19 Among patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 651715. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651715.Esatoglu S. N., Tascilar K., Babaoğlu H., Bes C., Yurttas B., Akar S. et al. COVID-19 Among patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 651715. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651715.Schmajuk G., Montgomery A. D., Leonard S., Li J., Gianfrancesco M., Seet A. et al. Factors associated with hospitalization and death after COVID-19 diagnosis among patients with rheumatic disease: an analysis of veterans affairs data. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021; 3 (11): 796–803. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11328.Schmajuk G., Montgomery A. D., Leonard S., Li J., Gianfrancesco M., Seet A. et al. Factors associated with hospitalization and death after COVID-19 diagnosis among patients with rheumatic disease: an analysis of veterans affairs data. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021; 3 (11): 796–803. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11328.Chevalier K., Genin M., Jean T. P., Avouac J., Flipo R. M., Georgin-Lavialle S. et al. CovAID: Identification of factors associated with severe COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory rheumatism or autoimmune diseases. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023; 10: 1152587. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1152587.Chevalier K., Genin M., Jean T. P., Avouac J., Flipo R. M., Georgin-Lavialle S. et al. CovAID: Identification of factors associated with severe COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory rheumatism or autoimmune diseases. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023; 10: 1152587. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1152587.Ugarte-Gil M. F., Alarcón G. S., Izadi Z., Duarte-García A., Reátegui-Sokolova C., Clarke A. E. et al. Characteristics associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022; 81 (7): 970–978. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221636.Ugarte-Gil M. F., Alarcón G. S., Izadi Z., Duarte-García A., Reátegui-Sokolova C., Clarke A. E. et al. Characteristics associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022; 81 (7): 970–978. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221636.Regierer A. C., Hasseli R., Schäfer M., Hoyer B. F., Krause A., Lorenz H. M. et al. TNFi is associated with positive outcome, but JAKi and rituximab are associated with negative outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with RMD. RMD Open. 2021; 7 (3): e001896. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001896.Regierer A. C., Hasseli R., Schäfer M., Hoyer B. F., Krause A., Lorenz H. M. et al. TNFi is associated with positive outcome, but JAKi and rituximab are associated with negative outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with RMD. RMD Open. 2021; 7 (3): e001896. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001896.Gerlag D. M., Haringman J. J., Smeets T. J., Zwinderman A. H., Kraan M. C., Laud P. J. et al. Effects of oral prednisolone on biomarkers in synovial tissue and clinical improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50 (12): 3783–91. doi: 10.1002/art.20664.Gerlag D. M., Haringman J. J., Smeets T. J., Zwinderman A. H., Kraan M. C., Laud P. J. et al. Effects of oral prednisolone on biomarkers in synovial tissue and clinical improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50 (12): 3783–91. doi: 10.1002/art.20664.Keller C., Hafström I. Low-dose prednisolone in addition to the initial disease-modifying antirheumatic drug in patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis reduces joint destruction and increases the remission rate: a two-year randomized trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52 (11): 3360–70. doi: 10.1002/art.21298.Keller C., Hafström I. Low-dose prednisolone in addition to the initial disease-modifying antirheumatic drug in patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis reduces joint destruction and increases the remission rate: a two-year randomized trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52 (11): 3360–70. doi: 10.1002/art.21298.Wassenberg S., Rau R., Steinfeld P., Zeidler H. Very low-dose prednisolone in early rheumatoid arthritis retards radiographic progression over two years: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52 (11): 3371–80. doi: 10.1002/art.21421.Wassenberg S., Rau R., Steinfeld P., Zeidler H. Very low-dose prednisolone in early rheumatoid arthritis retards radiographic progression over two years: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52 (11): 3371–80. doi: 10.1002/art.21421.Buttgereit F., Mehta D., Kirwan J., Szechinski J., Boers M., Alten R. E. et al. Low-dose prednisone chronotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial (CAPRA-2). Ann Rheum Dis. 2013; 72 (2): 204–10. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201067.Buttgereit F., Mehta D., Kirwan J., Szechinski J., Boers M., Alten R. E. et al. Low-dose prednisone chronotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial (CAPRA-2). Ann Rheum Dis. 2013; 72 (2): 204–10. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201067.Strangfeld A., Eveslage M., Schneider M., Bergerhausen H. J., Klopsch T., Zink A., Listing J. Treatment benefit or survival of the fittest: What drives the time-dependent decrease in serious infection rates under TNF inhibition and what does this imply for the individual patient? Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70 (11): 1914–1920. doi: 10.1136/ard.2011.151043.Strangfeld A., Eveslage M., Schneider M., Bergerhausen H. J., Klopsch T., Zink A., Listing J. Treatment benefit or survival of the fittest: What drives the time-dependent decrease in serious infection rates under TNF inhibition and what does this imply for the individual patient? Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70 (11): 1914–1920. doi: 10.1136/ard.2011.151043.Yale S. H., Limper A. H. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996; 71 (1): 5–13. doi: 10.4065/71.1.5.Yale S. H., Limper A. H. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996; 71 (1): 5–13. doi: 10.4065/71.1.5.Chew L. C., Maceda-Galang L. M., Tan Y. K., Chakraborty B., Thumboo J. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with autoimmune disease on high-dose glucocorticoid. J Clin Rheumatol. 2015; 21 (2): 72–5. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000000215Chew L. C., Maceda-Galang L. M., Tan Y. K., Chakraborty B., Thumboo J. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with autoimmune disease on high-dose glucocorticoid. J Clin Rheumatol. 2015; 21 (2): 72–5. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000000215Fritzsche C., Riebold D., Munk-Hartig A., Klammt S., Neeck G., Reisinger E. High prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization among patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases and corticosteroid therapy. Scand J Rheumatol. 2012; 41 (3): 208–13. doi: 10.3109/03009742.2011.630328.Fritzsche C., Riebold D., Munk-Hartig A., Klammt S., Neeck G., Reisinger E. High prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization among patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases and corticosteroid therapy. Scand J Rheumatol. 2012; 41 (3): 208–13. doi: 10.3109/03009742.2011.630328.Strangfeld A., Listing J., Herzer P., Liebhaber A., Rockwitz K., Richter C., Zink A. Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. JAMA. 2009; 301 (7): 737–744. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.146.Strangfeld A., Listing J., Herzer P., Liebhaber A., Rockwitz K., Richter C., Zink A. Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. JAMA. 2009; 301 (7): 737–744. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.146.Jick S. S., Lieberman E. S., Rahman M. U., Choi H. K. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors, and the risk of tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 55 (1): 19–26. doi: 10.1002/art.21705.Jick S. S., Lieberman E. S., Rahman M. U., Choi H. K. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors, and the risk of tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 55 (1): 19–26. doi: 10.1002/art.21705.Mertz L. E., Blair J. E. Coccidioidomycosis in rheumatology patients: incidence and potential risk factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007; 1111: 343–57. doi: 10.1196/annals.1406.027.Mertz L. E., Blair J. E. Coccidioidomycosis in rheumatology patients: incidence and potential risk factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007; 1111: 343–57. doi: 10.1196/annals.1406.027.Chen J., Chen P. Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with lupus nephritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2020; 39 (2): 407–412. doi: 10.1007/s10067-019-04844-3.Chen J., Chen P. Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with lupus nephritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2020; 39 (2): 407–412. doi: 10.1007/s10067-019-04844-3.Chen H. S., Tsai W. P., Leu H. S., Ho HH, Liou L. B. Invasive fungal infection in systemic lupus erythematosus: an analysis of 15 cases and a literature review. Rheumatology. 2007; 46 (3): 539–44. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel343.Chen H. S., Tsai W. P., Leu H. S., Ho HH, Liou L. B. Invasive fungal infection in systemic lupus erythematosus: an analysis of 15 cases and a literature review. Rheumatology. 2007; 46 (3): 539–44. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel343.Белов Б. С., Муравьева Н. В., Тарасова Г. М. К проблеме реактивации вирусного гепатита В при ревматических заболеваниях: риски и вопросы курации. Медицинский совет. 2020; (19): 98–106. doi: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2020-19-98-106.Belov B. S., Muravyeva N. V., Tarasova G. M. Regarding the problem of viral hepatitis reactivation in rheumatic diseases: risks and curation issues. Meditsinskiy Sovet = Medical Council. 2020; (19): 98–106. doi: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2020-19-98-106. (in Russian)Гриднева Г. И., Белов Б. С., Аронова Е. С. Хронический вирусный гепатит В и ревматические болезни: современный взгляд на проблему. Медицинский алфавит. 2022; (29): 20–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2022-29-20-28.Gridneva G. I., Belov B. S., Aronova E. S. Chronic viral hepatitis B and rheumatic diseases: Modern view on problem. Medical Alphabet. 2022; (29): 20–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2022-29-20-28. (in Russian)]Гриднева Г. И., Белов Б. С., Аронова Е. С. Хронический гепатит В при ревматических заболеваниях: вопросы скрининга и реактивации инфекции. Терапевтический архив. 2024; 96 (5): 523–530. doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2024.05.20270.Gridneva G. I., Belov B. S., Aronova E. S. Chronic hepatitis B in rheumatic diseases: issues of screening and reactivation of infection: A review. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2024; 96 (5): 523–530. doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2024.05.20270. (in Russian)]Куликов А. Н., Муравьева Н. В., Белов Б. С. Факторы риска тяжёлого течения COVID-19 у больных ревматическими заболеваниями. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2024; 62 (1): 24–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2024-24-31.Kulikov A. N., Muravyeva N. V., Belov B. S. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2024; 62 (1): 24–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2024-24-31. (in Russian)]Buttgereit F., da Silva J. A., Boers M., Burmester G. R., Cutolo M., Jacobs J. et al. Standardised nomenclature for glucocorticoid dosages and glucocorticoid treatment regimens: current questions and tentative answers in rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002; 61 (8): 718–22. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.8.718.Buttgereit F., da Silva J. A., Boers M., Burmester G. R., Cutolo M., Jacobs J. et al. Standardised nomenclature for glucocorticoid dosages and glucocorticoid treatment regimens: current questions and tentative answers in rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002; 61 (8): 718–22. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.8.718.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.