<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">antibiotics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Антибиотики и Химиотерапия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0235-2990</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство ОКИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">antibiotics-490</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Устойчивость микроорганизмов к антибиотикам: резистома, её объём, разнообразие и развитие</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Microbial Antibiotic Resistance:</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виноградова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinogradova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булгакова</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulgakova</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кожевин</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozhevin</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>58</volume><issue>5-6</issue><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; ООО «Издательство ОКИ», 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Издательство ОКИ»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ООО «Издательство ОКИ»</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/490">https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/490</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассмотрены существующие представления о резистоме как совокупности всех генов резистентности к антибиотикам в геномах всех микроорганизмов - патогенных и непатогенных, живущих в природных условиях. Приведены сведения, касающиеся происхождения, эволюции и распространения генов устойчивости к антибиотикам, а также возможных подходов к контролю распространения устойчивости.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The known conceptions of resistome as a complex of all the antibiotic resistance genes in the genomes of all the microorganisms, pathogenic and nonpathogenic ones, in nature are considered. The data on the origin, evolution and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and possible approaches to the resistance distribution control are presented.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микроорганизмы</kwd><kwd>геном</kwd><kwd>резистома</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microorganisms</kwd><kwd>genome</kwd><kwd>resistome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D'Costa V.M., McGrann K.M., Hughes D.W., Wright G.D. Sampling the antibiotic resistome. Science 2006; 311: 5759: 374-377.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D'Costa V.M., McGrann K.M., Hughes D.W., Wright G.D. Sampling the antibiotic resistome. Science 2006; 311: 5759: 374-377.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allen H.K., Moe L.A., Rodbamrer J. et al. Functional metagenomics reveals diverse beta-lactamases in a remote Alaskan soil. ISML J 2009; 3: 2: 243-251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allen H.K., Moe L.A., Rodbamrer J. et al. Functional metagenomics reveals diverse beta-lactamases in a remote Alaskan soil. ISML J 2009; 3: 2: 243-251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Canton R. Antibiotic resistance genes from the environment: a perspective through newly identified antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the clinical setting. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15: Suppl. 1: 20-25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Canton R. Antibiotic resistance genes from the environment: a perspective through newly identified antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the clinical setting. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15: Suppl. 1: 20-25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez J.L. The role of natural environments in the evolution of resistance traits in pathogenic bacteria. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276: 1667: 2521-2530.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez J.L. The role of natural environments in the evolution of resistance traits in pathogenic bacteria. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276: 1667: 2521-2530.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright G.D. Antibiotic resistance in the environment: a link to the clinic? Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13: 5: 589-594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright G.D. Antibiotic resistance in the environment: a link to the clinic? Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13: 5: 589-594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aminov R.I. Horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota. Front microbiol 2011; 2: 158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aminov R.I. Horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota. Front microbiol 2011; 2: 158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright G.D. The antibiotic resistome: the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5: 3: 175-186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright G.D. The antibiotic resistome: the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5: 3: 175-186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D'Costa V.M., Griffiths E., Wright G.D. Expanding the soil antibiotic resistome: exploring environmental diversity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007; 10: 5: 481-489.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D'Costa V.M., Griffiths E., Wright G.D. Expanding the soil antibiotic resistome: exploring environmental diversity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007; 10: 5: 481-489.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riesenfeld C.S., Goodman R.M., Handelsman J. Uncultured soil bacteria are a reservoir of new antibiotic resistance genes. Environ Microbiol 2004; 6: 9: 981-989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riesenfeld C.S., Goodman R.M., Handelsman J. Uncultured soil bacteria are a reservoir of new antibiotic resistance genes. Environ Microbiol 2004; 6: 9: 981-989.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aminov R.I. and Mackie R.I. Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 271: 2: 147-161.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aminov R.I. and Mackie R.I. Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 271: 2: 147-161.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mori T., Mizuta S., Suenaga H., Miyazaki K. Metagenomic screeniung for bleomycin resistance genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74: 21: 6803-6805.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mori T., Mizuta S., Suenaga H., Miyazaki K. Metagenomic screeniung for bleomycin resistance genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74: 21: 6803-6805.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monier J.-M., Demanèche S., Delmont T.O. et al. Metagenomic exploration of antibiotic resistance in soil. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 4: 3: 236-243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monier J.-M., Demanèche S., Delmont T.O. et al. Metagenomic exploration of antibiotic resistance in soil. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 4: 3: 236-243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biyela P.T., Lin J., Bezuidenhout C.C. The role of aquatic ecosystems as reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Water Sci Technol 2004; 50:1: 45-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biyela P.T., Lin J., Bezuidenhout C.C. The role of aquatic ecosystems as reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Water Sci Technol 2004; 50:1: 45-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song J.S., Jeon J.H., Lee et al. Molecular characterization of TEM-type beta-lactamases identified in cold-seep sediments of Edison Seamount (south of Lihir Island, Papua NewGuinea). J Microbiol 2005; 43: 2: 172-178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song J.S., Jeon J.H., Lee et al. Molecular characterization of TEM-type beta-lactamases identified in cold-seep sediments of Edison Seamount (south of Lihir Island, Papua NewGuinea). J Microbiol 2005; 43: 2: 172-178.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baquero F., Martinez J.L., Canton R. Antibiotic and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2008, 19: 3: 260-265.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baquero F., Martinez J.L., Canton R. Antibiotic and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2008, 19: 3: 260-265.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demaneche S., Sanguin H., Pote J. et al. Antibiotic-resistant soil bacteria in transgenic plant fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 10: 3957-3962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demaneche S., Sanguin H., Pote J. et al. Antibiotic-resistant soil bacteria in transgenic plant fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 10: 3957-3962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dib J.R., Weiss A., Neumann A. et al. Isolation of bacteria from remote high altitude Andean lake able to grow in presence of antibiotics. Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, 2009; 4: 1: 66-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dib J.R., Weiss A., Neumann A. et al. Isolation of bacteria from remote high altitude Andean lake able to grow in presence of antibiotics. Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, 2009; 4: 1: 66-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pontes D.S., Pinheiro F.A., Lima-Bittencourt C.I. et al. Multiple antimicrobial resistance of gram-negative bacteria from natural oligotrophic lakes under distinct anthropogenic influence in a tropical region. Microb Ecol 2009; 58: 4: 762-772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pontes D.S., Pinheiro F.A., Lima-Bittencourt C.I. et al. Multiple antimicrobial resistance of gram-negative bacteria from natural oligotrophic lakes under distinct anthropogenic influence in a tropical region. Microb Ecol 2009; 58: 4: 762-772.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wardwell L.H., Jude B.A., Moody J.P. et al. Co-selection of mercury and antibiotic resistance in sphagnumcore samples dating back 2000 years. Geomicrobiology J 2009; 26: 4: 238-247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wardwell L.H., Jude B.A., Moody J.P. et al. Co-selection of mercury and antibiotic resistance in sphagnumcore samples dating back 2000 years. Geomicrobiology J 2009; 26: 4: 238-247.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowden M. Science vs. Evolution. 1991 (Bromley, Kent, England: Soverein Publications).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowden M. Science vs. Evolution. 1991 (Bromley, Kent, England: Soverein Publications).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lima-Bittrencourt C.I., Cursino L., Gonçalves-Dotnelas H. Multiple antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from pristine freshwater. Genet Mol Res 2007; 6: 3: 510-521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lima-Bittrencourt C.I., Cursino L., Gonçalves-Dotnelas H. Multiple antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from pristine freshwater. Genet Mol Res 2007; 6: 3: 510-521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миндлин С.З., Соина В.С., Петрова М.А., Горленко Ж.М. Выделение устойчивых к антибиотикам штаммов бактерий из многолетнемерзлых отложений Восточной Сибири. Генетика 2008; 44: 1: 36-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Миндлин С.З., Соина В.С., Петрова М.А., Горленко Ж.М. Выделение устойчивых к антибиотикам штаммов бактерий из многолетнемерзлых отложений Восточной Сибири. Генетика 2008; 44: 1: 36-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown M.G., Balkwill D.L. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface. Microb Ecol 2009; 57: 3: 484-493.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown M.G., Balkwill D.L. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface. Microb Ecol 2009; 57: 3: 484-493.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown M.G., Mitchell E.H., Balkwill D.L. Tet 42, a novel tetracycline resistance determinant isolated from deep terrestrial subsurface bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52: 12: 4518-4521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown M.G., Mitchell E.H., Balkwill D.L. Tet 42, a novel tetracycline resistance determinant isolated from deep terrestrial subsurface bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52: 12: 4518-4521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">rd Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals and the Environment. ARAE. Tour - Vinci, 1-3 june 2009; 118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">rd Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals and the Environment. ARAE. Tour - Vinci, 1-3 june 2009; 118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sørum H., Sunde M. Resistance to antibiotic in the normal flora of animals. Vet Res 2001; 32: 3-4: 227-241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sørum H., Sunde M. Resistance to antibiotic in the normal flora of animals. Vet Res 2001; 32: 3-4: 227-241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomasz A. Weapons of microbial drug resistance abound in soil flora. Science 2006; 311: 5759: 342-343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomasz A. Weapons of microbial drug resistance abound in soil flora. Science 2006; 311: 5759: 342-343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitt H., Stoob K., Hamscher G. et al. Tetracycline and tetracycline resistance genes in agricultural soils: microcosm field studies. Microb Ecol 2006; 51: 3: 267-2765.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitt H., Stoob K., Hamscher G. et al. Tetracycline and tetracycline resistance genes in agricultural soils: microcosm field studies. Microb Ecol 2006; 51: 3: 267-2765.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitt H., Greve G., Meisner A. Microcosm studies on the role of manure and antibiotic for resistance development in agricultural soils. ARAE 2009; 55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitt H., Greve G., Meisner A. Microcosm studies on the role of manure and antibiotic for resistance development in agricultural soils. ARAE 2009; 55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chee-Sanford J.C., Aminov P.I., Krapac I.J. et al. Occurrence and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in lagoons and groundwater underlying two swine production facilities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67: 41494-1502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chee-Sanford J.C., Aminov P.I., Krapac I.J. et al. Occurrence and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in lagoons and groundwater underlying two swine production facilities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67: 41494-1502.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chee-Sanford J.C., Mackie R.I., Koike S. et al. Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste. J Environ Qual 2009; 38: 3: 1086-1108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chee-Sanford J.C., Mackie R.I., Koike S. et al. Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste. J Environ Qual 2009; 38: 3: 1086-1108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alonso A., Sanchez P., Martinez J.L. Environmental selection of antibiotic resistance genes. Environ microbiol 2001; 3: 1: 1-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alonso A., Sanchez P., Martinez J.L. Environmental selection of antibiotic resistance genes. Environ microbiol 2001; 3: 1: 1-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миндлин С.З., Петрова М.А., Басс И.А., Горленко Ж.М. Происхождение, эволюция и миграция генов лекарственной устойчивости. Генетика 2006; 42: 11: 1495-1511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Миндлин С.З., Петрова М.А., Басс И.А., Горленко Ж.М. Происхождение, эволюция и миграция генов лекарственной устойчивости. Генетика 2006; 42: 11: 1495-1511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестаков С.В. Как происходит и чем лимитируется горизонтальный перенос генов у бактерий. Экол. генетик. 2007; 5: 2: 22-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шестаков С.В. Как происходит и чем лимитируется горизонтальный перенос генов у бактерий. Экол. генетик. 2007; 5: 2: 22-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baquero F., Alvarez-Ortega C., Martinez J.L. Ecology and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Environ Microbiol Reports 2009; 1: 6: 469-476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baquero F., Alvarez-Ortega C., Martinez J.L. Ecology and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Environ Microbiol Reports 2009; 1: 6: 469-476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aminov R.I. The role of antibiotic and antibiotic resistance in nature. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11: 12; 2970-2988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aminov R.I. The role of antibiotic and antibiotic resistance in nature. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11: 12; 2970-2988.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies J., Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2010; 74: 3: 417-433.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davies J., Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2010; 74: 3: 417-433.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Звягинцев Д.С., Виноградова К.А., Ефременкова Л.М. Прямое микроскопическое выявление в почве актиномицета - продуцента люминесцирующего антибиотика. Микробиология 1976; 45: 2: 337-341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Звягинцев Д.С., Виноградова К.А., Ефременкова Л.М. Прямое микроскопическое выявление в почве актиномицета - продуцента люминесцирующего антибиотика. Микробиология 1976; 45: 2: 337-341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Degtyareva E.A., Vinogradova K.A., Aleksandrova A.V., Filonenko V.A., Kozhevin P.A. Soil actinomycetes as potencial biofungicides. ISSN 0147-6874. Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin 2009; 64: 2: 73- 77 Allerton Press, Inc.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degtyareva E.A., Vinogradova K.A., Aleksandrova A.V., Filonenko V.A., Kozhevin P.A. Soil actinomycetes as potencial biofungicides. ISSN 0147-6874. Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin 2009; 64: 2: 73- 77 Allerton Press, Inc.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виноградова К.А., Кожевин П.А. Взаимоотношения актиномицетов с почвенными грибами и их использование для биологического контроля фитопатогенов. Микол. фитопатол. 2011; 45: 4: 289-302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Виноградова К.А., Кожевин П.А. Взаимоотношения актиномицетов с почвенными грибами и их использование для биологического контроля фитопатогенов. Микол. фитопатол. 2011; 45: 4: 289-302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benveniste R., Davies J. Aminoglycoside antibiotic-inactivating enzymes in actinomycetes similar to those present in clinical isolates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1973; 70: 8: 2276-2280.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benveniste R., Davies J. Aminoglycoside antibiotic-inactivating enzymes in actinomycetes similar to those present in clinical isolates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1973; 70: 8: 2276-2280.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piepersberg W., Distler J., Hienzel P., Perez-Gonzales J.A. Antibiotic resistance by modification: many resistance genes could be derived from cellular control genes in actinomycetes. A hypothesis. Actinomycetologica 1988; 2: 83-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piepersberg W., Distler J., Hienzel P., Perez-Gonzales J.A. Antibiotic resistance by modification: many resistance genes could be derived from cellular control genes in actinomycetes. A hypothesis. Actinomycetologica 1988; 2: 83-98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hon W.C., McKay G.A., Thompson P.R. et al. Structure of an enzyme required for aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance reveals homology to eukaryotic protein kinases. Cell 1997; 89: 6: 885-695.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hon W.C., McKay G.A., Thompson P.R. et al. Structure of an enzyme required for aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance reveals homology to eukaryotic protein kinases. Cell 1997; 89: 6: 885-695.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright G.D., Thompson P.R. Aminoglycoside phosphotransferases: proteins, structure, and mechanism. Front Biosci 1999; 4: D9-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright G.D., Thompson P.R. Aminoglycoside phosphotransferases: proteins, structure, and mechanism. Front Biosci 1999; 4: D9-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaw K.J., Rather P.R., Yare R.S., Miller G.H. Molecular genetics of aminoglycoside resistance genes and familiar relationships of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Microbiol Rev 1993; 57: 1: 138-163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaw K.J., Rather P.R., Yare R.S., Miller G.H. Molecular genetics of aminoglycoside resistance genes and familiar relationships of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Microbiol Rev 1993; 57: 1: 138-163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heinzel P., Werbitzky O., Distler J., Piepersberg W. A second streptomycin resistance gene from Streptomycesgriseus codes for streptomycin-3’’-phosphotransferase. Relationships between antibiotic and protein kinases. Arch Microbiol 1988; 150: 2: 184-192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heinzel P., Werbitzky O., Distler J., Piepersberg W. A second streptomycin resistance gene from Streptomycesgriseus codes for streptomycin-3’’-phosphotransferase. Relationships between antibiotic and protein kinases. Arch Microbiol 1988; 150: 2: 184-192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright G.D., Ladak P. Overexpression and characterization of the chromosomal aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase from Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 5: 956-960.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright G.D., Ladak P. Overexpression and characterization of the chromosomal aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase from Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 5: 956-960.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Payie K.G., Rather P.N., Clarke A.J. Contribution of gentamicin-2’-acetyltransferase to the O-acetylation of peptidoglycane in Providencia stuartii. J Bacteriol 1995; 177: 15: 4303-4310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Payie K.G., Rather P.N., Clarke A.J. Contribution of gentamicin-2’-acetyltransferase to the O-acetylation of peptidoglycane in Providencia stuartii. J Bacteriol 1995; 177: 15: 4303-4310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knox J.R., Moews P.C., Frere J.M. Molecular evolution of bacterial beta-lactam resistance. Chem Biol 1996; 3: 11: 937-947.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knox J.R., Moews P.C., Frere J.M. Molecular evolution of bacterial beta-lactam resistance. Chem Biol 1996; 3: 11: 937-947.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massova I., Mobashery S. Kinship and diversification of bacterial penicillin-binding proteins and beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1: 1-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massova I., Mobashery S. Kinship and diversification of bacterial penicillin-binding proteins and beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1: 1-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meroueh S.O., Minasov G., Lee W. et al. Structural aspects for evolution of beta-lactamases from penicillin-binding proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125: 32: 9612-9618.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meroueh S.O., Minasov G., Lee W. et al. Structural aspects for evolution of beta-lactamases from penicillin-binding proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125: 32: 9612-9618.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poirel L., Kampfer P., Nordmann P. Chromosome-encoded Amber class A beta-lactamase of Kluyvera georgiana, a probable progenitor of a subgroup of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 12: 4038-4040.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poirel L., Kampfer P., Nordmann P. Chromosome-encoded Amber class A beta-lactamase of Kluyvera georgiana, a probable progenitor of a subgroup of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 12: 4038-4040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daiyasu H., Osaka K, Ishino Y., Toh H. Expansion of the zink metallo-hydrolase family of the beta-lactamase fold. FEBS Lett. 2001; 503: 1: 1-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daiyasu H., Osaka K, Ishino Y., Toh H. Expansion of the zink metallo-hydrolase family of the beta-lactamase fold. FEBS Lett. 2001; 503: 1: 1-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lubelski J., Konings W.N., Driessen A.J. Distribution and physiology of ABC-type transporters contributing to multidrug resistance in bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71: 3: 463-476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lubelski J., Konings W.N., Driessen A.J. Distribution and physiology of ABC-type transporters contributing to multidrug resistance in bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71: 3: 463-476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez J.L., Sanchez M., Martinez-Solano L. et al. Functional role of bacterial multidrug efflux pumps in microbial natural ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33: 2: 430-449.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez J.L., Sanchez M., Martinez-Solano L. et al. Functional role of bacterial multidrug efflux pumps in microbial natural ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33: 2: 430-449.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stover C.K., Pham X.Q., Erwin A.L. et al. Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen. Nature 2000; 406: 6799: 959-964</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stover C.K., Pham X.Q., Erwin A.L. et al. Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen. Nature 2000; 406: 6799: 959-964</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piddock L.J. Multidrug-resistance efflux pumps: not just for resistance. Nature Rev Microbiol 2006; 4: 8: 629-636.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piddock L.J. Multidrug-resistance efflux pumps: not just for resistance. Nature Rev Microbiol 2006; 4: 8: 629-636.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alonso A., Moralez G., Escalante R. et al. Overexpression of the multidrug efflux pump SmeDEF impairs Stenotrophomonas maltophilia physiology. J Antimicrob Chemoter 2004; 53: 3: 432-434</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alonso A., Moralez G., Escalante R. et al. Overexpression of the multidrug efflux pump SmeDEF impairs Stenotrophomonas maltophilia physiology. J Antimicrob Chemoter 2004; 53: 3: 432-434</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Булгакова В.Г., Орлова Т.И., Полин A.H. Устойчивость актиномицетов-продуцентов к собственным антибиотикам. Антибиотики и химиотер. 2010; 55: 1-2: 42-49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Булгакова В.Г., Орлова Т.И., Полин A.H. Устойчивость актиномицетов-продуцентов к собственным антибиотикам. Антибиотики и химиотер. 2010; 55: 1-2: 42-49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robicsek A., Jacoby G.A., Hooper D.C. The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 10: 629-640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robicsek A., Jacoby G.A., Hooper D.C. The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 10: 629-640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanchez M.B., Hernandez A., Rodrigues-Martinez J.M. et al. Predictive analysis of transmissible quinolone resistance indicates Stenotrophomonas maltophila as a potential source of a novel family of Qnr determinants. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8: 148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanchez M.B., Hernandez A., Rodrigues-Martinez J.M. et al. Predictive analysis of transmissible quinolone resistance indicates Stenotrophomonas maltophila as a potential source of a novel family of Qnr determinants. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8: 148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alonso A., Rajo F., Martinez J.L. Environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa show pathogenic and biodegradative properties irrespective of their origin. Environ Microbiol 1999; 1: 5: 421-430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alonso A., Rajo F., Martinez J.L. Environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa show pathogenic and biodegradative properties irrespective of their origin. Environ Microbiol 1999; 1: 5: 421-430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perichon B., Courvalin P., Galimand M. Transferable resistance to aminoglycosides by methylation of G1405 in 16S rRNA and to hydrophilic fluoroquinolones by QepA-mediated efflux in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 7: 2464-2469.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perichon B., Courvalin P., Galimand M. Transferable resistance to aminoglycosides by methylation of G1405 in 16S rRNA and to hydrophilic fluoroquinolones by QepA-mediated efflux in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 7: 2464-2469.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamane K., Wachino J., Suzuki S. et al. New plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone efflux pump, QepA, found in an Escherichia coli clinical isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 9: 3354-3360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamane K., Wachino J., Suzuki S. et al. New plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone efflux pump, QepA, found in an Escherichia coli clinical isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 9: 3354-3360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tran J.N., Jacoby G.A., Hooper D.C. Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein Qnr with Escherichia coli DNA gyrase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 1: 118-125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tran J.N., Jacoby G.A., Hooper D.C. Interaction of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance protein Qnr with Escherichia coli DNA gyrase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 1: 118-125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poirel L., Rodriguez-Martinez J.M., Mammeri H. et al. Origin of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 8: 3523-3525.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poirel L., Rodriguez-Martinez J.M., Mammeri H. et al. Origin of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 8: 3523-3525.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poirel L., Liard A., Rodriguez-Martinez J.M., Nordmann P. Vibrionaceae as a possible source of Qnr-like quinolone resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 56: 6: 1118-1121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poirel L., Liard A., Rodriguez-Martinez J.M., Nordmann P. Vibrionaceae as a possible source of Qnr-like quinolone resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 56: 6: 1118-1121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hegde S.S., Vetting M.W., Roderick S.L. et al. A fluoroquinolone resistance protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mimics DNA. Science 2005; 308: 5727: 1480-1483.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hegde S.S., Vetting M.W., Roderick S.L. et al. A fluoroquinolone resistance protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mimics DNA. Science 2005; 308: 5727: 1480-1483.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pesci E.S., Milbank J.B.J., Pearson J.P. et al. Quinolone signaling in the cell-to-cell communication system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 20: 11229-11234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pesci E.S., Milbank J.B.J., Pearson J.P. et al. Quinolone signaling in the cell-to-cell communication system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 20: 11229-11234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baltz R.H. Antibiotic discovery from actinomycetes: will a renaissance follow the decline and fall? SIM News 2005; 55: 186-196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baltz R.H. Antibiotic discovery from actinomycetes: will a renaissance follow the decline and fall? SIM News 2005; 55: 186-196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall B.G., Barlow M. Evolution of the serine β-lactamases: past, present and future. Drug Resist. Updat. 2004; 7: 2: 111-123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall B.G., Barlow M. Evolution of the serine β-lactamases: past, present and future. Drug Resist. Updat. 2004; 7: 2: 111-123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garau G., Di Guilmi A.M., Hall B.G. Structure-based phylogeny of the metallo-beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 7: 2778-2784.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garau G., Di Guilmi A.M., Hall B.G. Structure-based phylogeny of the metallo-beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 7: 2778-2784.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aminov R.I., Garrigues-Jeanjean N., Mackie R.I. Molecular ecology of tetracycline resistance: development and validation of primers for detection of tetracycline resistance genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67: 1-6: 22-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aminov R.I., Garrigues-Jeanjean N., Mackie R.I. Molecular ecology of tetracycline resistance: development and validation of primers for detection of tetracycline resistance genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67: 1-6: 22-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobayashi T., Nonaka L., Maruyama F., Suzuki S. Molecular evidence for the ancient origin of the ribosomal protection protein that mediates tetracycline resistance in bacteria. J Mol Evol 2007; 65: 3: 228-235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobayashi T., Nonaka L., Maruyama F., Suzuki S. Molecular evidence for the ancient origin of the ribosomal protection protein that mediates tetracycline resistance in bacteria. J Mol Evol 2007; 65: 3: 228-235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Datta N., Hughes V.M. Plasmids of the same Inc groups in Enterobacteria before and after the medical use of antibiotics. Nature 1983; 306: 5943: 616-617.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Datta N., Hughes V.M. Plasmids of the same Inc groups in Enterobacteria before and after the medical use of antibiotics. Nature 1983; 306: 5943: 616-617.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez J.L., Alonso A., Gomez-Gomez J.M., Baquero F. Quinolone resistance by mutations in chromosomal gyrase genes. Just the tip of the iceberg? J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 6: 683-688.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez J.L., Alonso A., Gomez-Gomez J.M., Baquero F. Quinolone resistance by mutations in chromosomal gyrase genes. Just the tip of the iceberg? J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 6: 683-688.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hooper D.C. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance. Drug Resist Updat 1999; 2: 1: 38-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hooper D.C. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance. Drug Resist Updat 1999; 2: 1: 38-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez-Martinez L., Pascual A., Jacoby G.A. Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet 1998; 351: 9105: 797-799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez-Martinez L., Pascual A., Jacoby G.A. Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet 1998; 351: 9105: 797-799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heinemann J.A. How antibiotics cause antibiotic resistance. Drug Discov Today 1999; 4: 2: 72-79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heinemann J.A. How antibiotics cause antibiotic resistance. Drug Discov Today 1999; 4: 2: 72-79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robiscek A., Strahilevitz J., Jacoby G.A. et al. Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: a new adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase. Nature Med 2006; 12: 1: 83-88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robiscek A., Strahilevitz J., Jacoby G.A. et al. Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: a new adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase. Nature Med 2006; 12: 1: 83-88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright M.S., Peltier G.L., Stepanauskas R., McArthur J.V. Bacterial tolerances to metals and antibiotics in metal-contaminated and reference streams. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006; 58: 2: 293-302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright M.S., Peltier G.L., Stepanauskas R., McArthur J.V. Bacterial tolerances to metals and antibiotics in metal-contaminated and reference streams. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006; 58: 2: 293-302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pallecchi L., Bartoloni A., Paradisi F., Rossolini J.M. Antibiotic resistance in the absence of antimicrobial use: mechanisms and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6: 5: 725-732.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pallecchi L., Bartoloni A., Paradisi F., Rossolini J.M. Antibiotic resistance in the absence of antimicrobial use: mechanisms and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6: 5: 725-732.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L., Kinkelaar D., Huang Y. et al. Acquired antibiotic resistance: are we born with it? Environ Microbiol 2011; 77: 20: 7134-7141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L., Kinkelaar D., Huang Y. et al. Acquired antibiotic resistance: are we born with it? Environ Microbiol 2011; 77: 20: 7134-7141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chait R., Vetsigian K., Kishony R. What counters antibiotic resistance in nature? Nature Chem Biol 2012; 8: 1: 2-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chait R., Vetsigian K., Kishony R. What counters antibiotic resistance in nature? Nature Chem Biol 2012; 8: 1: 2-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knapp C.W., Dolfing J., Ehlert P.A., Graham D.W. Evidence of increasing antibiotic resistance gene abundances in archived soils since 1940. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44: 2: 580-587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knapp C.W., Dolfing J., Ehlert P.A., Graham D.W. Evidence of increasing antibiotic resistance gene abundances in archived soils since 1940. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44: 2: 580-587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baquero F., Coque T.M., de la Cruz F. Ecology and evolution as targets: the need for novel eco-evo drugs and strategies to fight antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 8: 3649-3660.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baquero F., Coque T.M., de la Cruz F. Ecology and evolution as targets: the need for novel eco-evo drugs and strategies to fight antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 8: 3649-3660.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams J.J., Hergenrother J. Exposing plasmids as the Achilles’ heel of drug-resistant bacteria. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12: 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams J.J., Hergenrother J. Exposing plasmids as the Achilles’ heel of drug-resistant bacteria. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12: 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
