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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">antibiotics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Антибиотики и Химиотерапия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0235-2990</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство ОКИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/0235-2990-2022-67-7-8-8-18</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">antibiotics-942</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка бактерицидной активности грамицидина С в отношении клинических изолятов Streptococcus pneumoniae и Staphylococcus aureus при однократном и многократном воздействии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity of Gramicidin S Against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates with Single and Multiple Exposure</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9811-8397</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>ГУРОВ</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>GUROV</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гуров Александр Владимирович — д. м. н., профессор, кафедра оториноларингологии лечебного факультета, кафедра микробиологии, Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова; Научно-исследовательский клинический институт оториноларингологии им. Л. И. Свержевского</p><p>117152, г. Москва, Загородное шоссе, д. 18А, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Gurov — D. Sc. in medicine, Professor, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Sverzhevsky Scientific and Research Otolaryngology Clinical Institute</p><p>117152, Moscow, Zagorodnoye shosse, 18A, p. 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex9999@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-6549</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>БОРОВКОВА</surname><given-names>К. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>BOROVKOVA</surname><given-names>K. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Боровкова Кристина Евгеньевна — руководитель лаборатории микробиологии</p><p>Ленинградская обл., г. п. Кузьмоловский</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina Е. Borovkova — Head of the Laboratory of Microbiology</p><p>Leningrad region, Kuzmolovsy</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1451-7716</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>КРЫШЕНЬ</surname><given-names>К. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>KRYSHEN</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Крышень Кирилл Леонидович — к. б. н., руководитель отдела токсикологии и микробиологииeLibrary SPIN: 5650-2840</p><p>Ленинградская обл., г. п. Кузьмоловский</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kirill L. Kryshen — Ph. D. in biology</p><p>Leningrad region, Kuzmolovsy</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8710-2023</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>НИКИФОРОВА</surname><given-names>Л. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>NIKIFOROVA</surname><given-names>L. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никифорова Лия Ринатовна — научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии</p><p>Ленинградская обл., г. п. Кузьмоловский</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lia R. Nikiforova — Researcher at the Laboratory of Microbiology</p><p>Leningrad region, Kuzmolovsy</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9891-8634</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>САЛМОВА</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>SALMOVA</surname><given-names>J. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Салмова Юлия Владимировна — научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии</p><p>Ленинградская обл., г. п. Кузьмоловский</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Julia V. Salmova — Researcher at the Laboratory of Microbiology</p><p>Leningrad region, Kuzmolovsy</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н. И. Пирогова Минздрава России; ГБУЗ города Москвы «Научно-исследовательский клинический институт оториноларингологии им. Л. И. Свержевского Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «НПО «Дом Фармации»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>RMC «Home of Pharmacy»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>7-8</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; ООО «Издательство ОКИ», 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Издательство ОКИ»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ООО «Издательство ОКИ»</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/942">https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/942</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Боль в горле инфекционно-воспалительного генеза является одной из наиболее распространённых причин обращения за медицинской помощью и поводом для назначения антимикробных препаратов. С учётом высокой значимости проблемы распространения микробной устойчивости к системным этиотропным препаратам, применение антимикробных пептидов (АМП) для топической терапии может являться перспективным решением благодаря особенностям механизма действия АМП.Цель исследования — оценка формирования устойчивости к АМП грамицидина С (ГС) в отношении клинических изолятов Streptococcus pneumoniae и Staphylococcus aureus, включая штаммы, резистентные к антимикробным препаратам, в ходе многоразового воздействия, приближённого к применению в клинической практике.Материал и методы. Исследуемый объект — АМП ГС. Тестовые микроорганизмы — эталонные штаммы S.pneumoniae (АТСС 6303), S.aureus (ATCC 6538-Р) и по 10 штаммов клинических изолятов каждого вида микроорганизма, включая резистентные к антимикробным препаратам (в т. ч. MRSA). На первом этапе методом микроразведений в планшетах оценивали антимикробную активность ГС по оценке величины минимальной подавляющей и минимальной бактерицидной концентраций (МПК и МБК, соответственно). На втором этапе с использованием эталонных штаммов и по 4 клинических изолята каждого микроорганизма, включая устойчивые к антимикробным препаратам, формировали резистентность двумя способами параллельно (с жидкими и плотными средами) на протяжении 7 последовательных пассажей за 7 сут с ГС в концентрациях равных 0,5 и 1,0 МПК. Оценивали количество выживших микроорганизмов и определяли МПК и МБК на каждом пассаже.Результаты. На первом этапе МПК ГС в отношении S.pneumoniae составила для 5 штаммов — 8 мкг/мл, для 5 штаммов — 16 мкг/мл, для одного — 4 мкг/мл. В отношении 10 из 11 штаммов S.aureus, включая MRSA, МПК ГС составила 4 мкг/мл (для 1 штамма — 8 мкг/мл). Для 4 штаммов S.pneumoniae МБК ГС была равна МПК (16 мкг/мл), для 7 штаммов МБК была выше МПК в 4–8 раз и в основном составила 32 мкг/мл (для 1 штамма — 64 мкг/мл). МБК в отношении 6 штаммов S.aureus была равна МПК (4 мкг/мл), для 5 оставшихся штаммов МБК была выше МПК в 2–8 раз, но не превышала 64 мкг/мл. На втором этапе при многократном воздействии ГС установлено, что оцениваемые величины МПК и МБК на протяжении 7 пассажей сохранились на прежнем уровне у всех штаммов, включая резистентные к антибиотикам в жидких и на плотных средах.Выводы. Грамицидин С продемонстрировал высокую бактерицидную активность в отношении эталонных штаммов и клинических изолятов ведущих патогенных микроорганизмов S.pneumoniae и S.aureus, включая штаммы, устойчивые к системным антимикробным препаратам, при этом МПК и МБК не превышали концентраций, создаваемых при применении в клинической практике. В ходе многократного воздействия (7 пассажей за 7 сут) не было выявлено признаков формирования устойчивости тестовых штаммов патогенов, включая устойчивые к системным антимикробным препаратам из групп бета-лактамов, макролидов, фторхинолонов, тетрациклинов, аминогликозидов и др.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Sore throat of infectious and inflammatory origin is one of the most common reasons for the prescription of antimicrobial drugs. The use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) for topical therapy may be a promising solution, due to the peculiarities of AMPs’ mechanism of action, taking into account the high importance of microbial resistance spread problem in relation to systemic etiotropic drugs.The aim of the study was to assess the formation of resistance to AMP Gramicidin S (GS) of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, including strains resistant to antimicrobial drugs during repeated exposure, in the setting close to their actual use in clinical practice.Materials and methods. The object under study is AMP GS. The test microorganisms are reference strains of S.pneumoniae (ATCC 6303), S.aureus (ATCC 6538–P), and 10 strains of clinical isolates of each type of microorganisms, types with antimicrobial resistance (including MRSA). At the first stage, the antimicrobial activity of GS was evaluated by the method of microdilutions in plates by estimating the value of the minimum inhibitory and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively). At the second stage, using reference strains and 4 clinical isolates of each microorganism, including types with antimicrobial resistance, resistance was formed in two ways simultaneously (with liquid and solid media) for 7 consecutive passages over 7 days with GS at concentrations equal to 0.5 and 1.0 MIC. The number of surviving microorganisms was estimated and the MIC and MBC were determined at each passage.Results. At the first stage, the MIC of GS in relation to S.pneumoniae was 8 µg/ml for 5 strains, 16 µg/ml for 5 strains, and 4 µg/ml for one. For 10 out of 11 strains of S.aureus, including MRSA, the MIC of GS was 4 µg/ml (for 1 strain — 8 µg/ml). For 4 strains of S.pneumoniae, MBC of GS was equal to MIC (16 µg/ml), for 7 strains MBC was 4–8 times higher than MIC, and mostly amounted to 32 µg/ml (for 1 strain — 64 µg/ml). MBC for 6 strains of S.aureus was equal to MIC (4 µg/ml), for the 5 remaining strains MBC was 2–8 times higher than MIC, but did not exceed 64 µg/ml. At the second stage, it was found that the estimated values of GS MIC and MBC with repeated exposure to GS remained at the same level for 7 passages in all strains, including those resistant to antibiotics in liquid and solid media.Conclusions. Gramicidin S demonstrated high bactericidal activity against reference strains and clinical isolates of leading pathogenic microorganisms S.pneumoniae and S.aureus, including strains resistant to systemic antimicrobial drugs, while MIC and MBC did not exceed concentrations contained in single doses of drugs used in clinical practice. During repeated exposure (7 passages in 7 days), there were no signs of the formation of resistance of test strains of pathogens, including those resistant to systemic antimicrobial medicines from the groups of beta-lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, etc.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>грамицидин С</kwd><kwd>нерибосомальные антимикробные пептиды</kwd><kwd>бактерицидное действие</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>тонзиллофарингит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Gramicidin S</kwd><kwd>nonribosomal antimicrobial peptides</kwd><kwd>bactericidal action</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>tonsillopharyngitis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Непосредственное проведение экспериментальных работ выполнено при финансировании АО «Валента Фарм» в рамках осуществления текущего плана научных работ компании.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крюков А.И., Гуров А.В., Юшкина М.А., Изотова Г.Н. 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