<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">antibiotics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Антибиотики и Химиотерапия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0235-2990</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство ОКИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/0235-2990-2022-67-9-10-11-17</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">antibiotics-963</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Experimental Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изучение динамики перехода в некультивируемое состояние антибиотикоустойчивых клеток Escherichia coli</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Study of Transitional Dynamics Towards the Non-Culturable State of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пахомов</surname><given-names>Ю. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pakhomov</surname><given-names>Yu. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пахомов Юрий Дмитриевич — к. б. н., старший научный сотрудник </p><p>Малый Казённый пер., 5а, г. Москва, 105064 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury D. Pakhomov — PhD in biology, senior researcher </p><p>5a Maly Kazyonny lane, Moscow, 105064  </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">labpitsred@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блинкова</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Blinkova</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Блинкова Лариса Петровна — д. б. н., профессор, заведующий лабораторией микробиологических питательных сред </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa P. Blinkova — D.Sc. in biology, professor, head of the laboratory of microbiological nutrient media </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдуллаева</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdullaeva</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абдуллаева Асият Мухтаровна — д. б. н., профессор кафедры ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Asiat M. Abdullaeva — D.Sc. in biology, professor of the chair of veterinary examination </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валитова</surname><given-names>Р. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valitova</surname><given-names>R. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валитова Румия Камилевна — младший научный сотрудник </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rumiya K. Valitova — junior researcher </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И. И. Мечникова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет пищевых производств</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University of Food Production</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>9-10</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пахомов Ю.Д., Блинкова Л.П., Абдуллаева А.М., Валитова Р.К., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пахомов Ю.Д., Блинкова Л.П., Абдуллаева А.М., Валитова Р.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pakhomov Y.D., Blinkova L.P., Abdullaeva A.M., Valitova R.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/963">https://www.antibiotics-chemotherapy.ru/jour/article/view/963</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Известно, что в ответ на присутствие антибиотиков бактерии вырабатывают устойчивость к их действию и стремятся сохранить её на длительный срок. Кроме того, микробы могут сохранять жизнеспособность, переходя в некультивируемое состояние, не выявляемое микробиологическими методами. Это состояние популяции характеризуется устойчивостью клеток к разным стрессам, в том числе к воздействию антибиотиков.Цель. Изучить параметры процесса перехода в некультивируемое состояние у клеток Escherichia coli М-17, устойчивых к антибиотику.Материал и методы. Резистентные клетки E.coli M17 получали культивированием исходной популяции в средах с повышающимися концентрациями ампициллина (до 50 мкг/мл). Из чувствительного и резистентного субштаммов готовили посевные культуры, из которых клетки переносили в гиперосмотическую, «голодную» среду — искусственную морскую воду. Полученные популяции инкубировали в течение длительного времени, периодически отбирая пробы для оценки параметров жизнеспособности.Результаты. В опытах по длительной инкубации чувствительной и резистентной популяций E.coli M-17 обнаружено, что ампициллинорезистентный субштамм исследуемой культуры переходил в некультивируемое состояние достоверно быстрее и количественно больше, чем его чувствительный вариант. Присутствие антибиотика в посевной культуре (R2) увеличивало сроки перехода устойчивых бактерий в жизнеспособное некультивируемое состояние до уровня &gt;90% по сравнению с посевной культурой без антибиотика (R1). В среде без антибиотика популяция R1 в начале стрессового воздействия массово (до 77,7%) переходила в жизнеспособные некультивируемые клетки. При наблюдении отмечены периоды отмирания клеток, которые становились субстратом для живой части популяции и могли приводить к вторичному росту бактерий или частичному восстановлению дормантных клеток.Заключение. Клетки, резистентные к антибиотику, быстрее переходили в некультивируемое состояние по сравнению с чувствительными клетками исследованного штамма. Добавление антибиотика в среду для получения посевной культуры замедляло переход клеток в некультивируемое состояние.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. It is known that bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics in response to their presence and tend to maintain it for a long time. In addition, microbes can remain viable by passing into an uncultivated state that is not detected by microbiological methods. This state of the population is characterized by cell resistance to various stresses, including the effects of antibiotics.Aim. To study the parameters of transition into an uncultivated state in E.coli M-17 cells resistant to an antibiotic.Material and methods. Resistant E.coli M-17 cells were obtained by culturing the initial population in media with increasing concentrations of ampicillin (up to 50 µg/mL). Seed cultures were prepared from sensitive and resistant substrains, from which the cells were transferred to a hyperosmotic, «starvation» medium — artificial sea water. The resulting populations were incubated for a long time, samples were periodically taken to conduct the assessment of viability parameters.Results. The experiments on long-term incubation of sensitive and resistant populations of E.coli M-17 showed that ampicillin-resistant substrain of the studied culture transitioned into an uncultivated state significantly faster and quantitatively higher than its sensitive variant. The presence of the antibiotic in the inoculum increased the time for the transition of resistant R2 bacteria to a viable uncultivated state to a level of &gt;90% compared to R1. The R1 population at the beginning of the stress exposure massively (up to 77.7%) transitioned into viable but non-culturable cells (VBNCs) in the medium without an antibiotic in a similar seed culture. Periods of cell death were noted during the observation, with those cells becoming a substrate for the living part of the population and could lead to secondary growth of bacteria or partial restoration of dormant cells.Conclusion. Cells resistant to the antibiotic quickly transitioned into the non-culturable state compared to sensitive cells of the studied strain. The addition of an antibiotic to the medium for obtaining a seed culture slowed down the transition of cells to an uncultivated state.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>жизнеспособные некультивируемые клетки (ЖНК)</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd><kwd>антибиотик</kwd><kwd>чувствительность</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd><kwd>ампициллин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC)</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd><kwd>antibiotic</kwd><kwd>sensitivity</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>ampicillin</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. Lack of new antibiotics threatens global efforts to contain drugresistant infections. World Health Organization, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Lack of new antibiotics threatens global efforts to contain drugresistant infections. World Health Organization, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai Y., Jianying L., Guiying L., Keung P., An W. T. Formation mechanisms of viable but nonculturable bacteria through induction by light-based disinfection and their antibiotic resistance gene transfer risk: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2021.1932397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai Y., Jianying L., Guiying L., Keung P., An W. T. Formation mechanisms of viable but nonculturable bacteria through induction by light-based disinfection and their antibiotic resistance gene transfer risk: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2021.1932397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang P. H., Juhrend B., Olson T. M., Marrs C. F., Wigginton K. R. Degradation of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes with UV254 treatment. Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 2017; 51 (11): 6185–6192. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang P. H., Juhrend B., Olson T. M., Marrs C. F., Wigginton K. R. Degradation of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes with UV254 treatment. Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 2017; 51 (11): 6185–6192. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prestinaci F., Pezzotti P., Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015; 109 (7): 309–318. doi: 10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prestinaci F., Pezzotti P., Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015; 109 (7): 309–318. doi: 10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Band V. I., Hufnagel D. A., Jaggavarapu S., Sherman E. X., Wozniak J. E., Satola S. W. et al. Antibiotic combinations that exploit heteroresistance to multiple drugs effectively control infection. Nat Microbiol. 2019; 4 (10): 1627–1635. doi: 10.1038/s41564-019-0480-z .</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Band V. I., Hufnagel D. A., Jaggavarapu S., Sherman E. X., Wozniak J. E., Satola S. W. et al. Antibiotic combinations that exploit heteroresistance to multiple drugs effectively control infection. Nat Microbiol. 2019; 4 (10): 1627–1635. doi: 10.1038/s41564-019-0480-z .</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu, Y.-Y. Wang Y., Walsh T. R., Yi L.-X., Zhang R., Spencer J. et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: A microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16 (2): 161–168. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu, Y.-Y. Wang Y., Walsh T. R., Yi L.-X., Zhang R., Spencer J. et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: A microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16 (2): 161–168. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McKenna M. The antibiotic paradox: Why companies can’t afford to create life-saving drugs. Nature. 2020; 584 (7821): 338–341. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02418-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McKenna M. The antibiotic paradox: Why companies can’t afford to create life-saving drugs. Nature. 2020; 584 (7821): 338–341. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02418-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peterson E. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria: Relationships between resistance determinants of antibiotic producers, environmental bacteria, and clinical pathogens. Front microbiol. 2018; 9: 2928. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02928.eCollection 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peterson E. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria: Relationships between resistance determinants of antibiotic producers, environmental bacteria, and clinical pathogens. Front microbiol. 2018; 9: 2928. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02928.eCollection 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reineke K., Mathys A. Endospore inactivation by emerging technologies: A review of target structures and inactivation mechanisms. Ann Rev Food Sci Technol. 2020; 11 (1): 255–274. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reineke K., Mathys A. Endospore inactivation by emerging technologies: A review of target structures and inactivation mechanisms. Ann Rev Food Sci Technol. 2020; 11 (1): 255–274. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wormer L., Hoshino T., Bowles M. W., Viehweger B., Adhikari R. R., Xiao N. Microbial dormancy in the marine subsurface: Global endospore abundance and response to burial. Sci Adv. 2019; 5 (2): eaav1024. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wormer L., Hoshino T., Bowles M. W., Viehweger B., Adhikari R. R., Xiao N. Microbial dormancy in the marine subsurface: Global endospore abundance and response to burial. Sci Adv. 2019; 5 (2): eaav1024. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pakhomov Yu. D. Blinkova L. P., Dmitrieva O. V., Berdyugina O. S., Skorlupkina N. N. Factors for conversion of nonculturable probiotic bacteria into active state. Journal of Nature Science and Sustainable Technology. 2016; 10 (1): 147–153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pakhomov Yu. D. Blinkova L. P., Dmitrieva O. V., Berdyugina O. S., Skorlupkina N. N. Factors for conversion of nonculturable probiotic bacteria into active state. Journal of Nature Science and Sustainable Technology. 2016; 10 (1): 147–153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pakhomov Yu.D., Blinkova L.P., Abdullaeva A.M., Valitova R.K., Karachina T.A. Induction and resuscitation of viable but nonculturable bacteria from different taxonomic groups Gorteria Journal. 2020; 34 (4): 229–235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pakhomov Yu.D., Blinkova L.P., Abdullaeva A.M., Valitova R.K., Karachina T.A. Induction and resuscitation of viable but nonculturable bacteria from different taxonomic groups Gorteria Journal. 2020; 34 (4): 229–235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bodor A., Bounedjoum N., Vincze G. E., Kis A.E., Laczi K., Bende G. et al. Challenges of unculturable bacteria: Environmental perspectives. Reviews in Environmental Science and BioTechnology. 2020; 19 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-020-09522-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodor A., Bounedjoum N., Vincze G. E., Kis A.E., Laczi K., Bende G. et al. Challenges of unculturable bacteria: Environmental perspectives. Reviews in Environmental Science and BioTechnology. 2020; 19 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-020-09522-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong K., Pan H., Yang D., Rao L., Zhao L., Wang Y. et al. Induction, detection, formation, and resuscitation of viable but non-culturable state microorganisms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020; 19 (1): 149–183. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12513.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong K., Pan H., Yang D., Rao L., Zhao L., Wang Y. et al. Induction, detection, formation, and resuscitation of viable but non-culturable state microorganisms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020; 19 (1): 149–183. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12513.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fu Y., Jia Y., Fan J., Yu C., Shen C. Induction of Escherichia coli O157: H7 into a viable but non-culturable state by high temperature and its resuscitation. Environ Microbiol Rep. 2020; 12 (5): 568–577. doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12877.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fu Y., Jia Y., Fan J., Yu C., Shen C. Induction of Escherichia coli O157: H7 into a viable but non-culturable state by high temperature and its resuscitation. Environ Microbiol Rep. 2020; 12 (5): 568–577. doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12877.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masuda Y. Tajima K., Ezura Y. Resuscitation of Tenacibaculum sp., the causative bacterium of spotting disease of sea urchin Strongylocentroutus intermedius from viable but non–culturable state. Fisheries Science. 2004; 70 (2): 277–284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masuda Y. Tajima K., Ezura Y. Resuscitation of Tenacibaculum sp., the causative bacterium of spotting disease of sea urchin Strongylocentroutus intermedius from viable but non–culturable state. Fisheries Science. 2004; 70 (2): 277–284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карачина Т.А. Блинкова Л.П., Абдуллаева А.М., Валитова Р.К., Пахомов Ю.Д. Действие фагов на бактерии в некультивируемом состоянии. Проблемы медицинской микологии. 2021; 23 (2): 85–86. [Karachina T.A., Blinkova L.P., Abdullaeva A.M., Valitova R.K., Pakhomov Yu.D. Effects of phages on bacteria in nonculturable state. Problemy Meditsinskoi Mikologii. 2021; 23 (2): 85–86. (in Russian)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Карачина Т.А. Блинкова Л.П., Абдуллаева А.М., Валитова Р.К., Пахомов Ю.Д. Действие фагов на бактерии в некультивируемом состоянии. Проблемы медицинской микологии. 2021; 23 (2): 85–86. [Karachina T.A., Blinkova L.P., Abdullaeva A.M., Valitova R.K., Pakhomov Yu.D. Effects of phages on bacteria in nonculturable state. Problemy Meditsinskoi Mikologii. 2021; 23 (2): 85–86. (in Russian)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skorlupkina N., Blinkova L., Pakhomov Yu, Piyadina A., Chistaykova D. Formation and reversion of VBNC cells of Salmonella Typhimurium preincubated in different substrates. International Journal of Current Reseach and Review. 2017; 9 (9): 20–25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skorlupkina N., Blinkova L., Pakhomov Yu, Piyadina A., Chistaykova D. Formation and reversion of VBNC cells of Salmonella Typhimurium preincubated in different substrates. International Journal of Current Reseach and Review. 2017; 9 (9): 20–25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayrapetyan M., Williams T., Oliver J.D. Relationship between the viable but nonculturable state and antibiotic persister cells. J Bacteriol. 2018; 200 (20): e00249–18. doi: 10.1128/JB.00249-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayrapetyan M., Williams T., Oliver J.D. Relationship between the viable but nonculturable state and antibiotic persister cells. J Bacteriol. 2018; 200 (20): e00249–18. doi: 10.1128/JB.00249-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
