Спектры литической активности бактериофагов

Одним из центральных вопросов науки о бактериофагах является их хозяйская специфичность, обусловленная возможностью реализации жизненного цикла вируса на разных стадиях, включая адсорбцию, проникновение генетического материала вируса в клетку и его репликацию, сборку фаговых частиц и лизис клетки. Лабораторные оценки спектра литической активности фагов неразрывно связаны со значительной методической погрешностью, и часто используемый метод спот-теста может давать большой процент ложноположительных результатов. Наряду с разнообразием типов фаговой специфичности, имеет место её изменчивость во времени. Совместная эволюция фагов и бактерий приводит к приобретению бактериями устойчивости к вирусам и накоплению в геномах бактериофагов мутаций, направленных на преодоление этой устойчивости. В то же время адаптация бактериофагов к бактериям, эволюционно отдалённым от основных хозяев, в значительной степени затруднена. В основе этого барьера лежат особенности метаболизма, структур клеточной стенки и механизмов реализации матричных процессов. Пространственный фактор фаговой специфичности проявляется в большей ширине спектров литической активности бактериофагов на локальных выборках бактерий по сравнению со спектрами, оцененными на выборках изолятов из местообитаний, географически удалённых от места выделения вируса.

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