The effect of the enzyme complex from Vobenzin on transfer of plasmid genes In biofilms of gramnegative bacteria was studied. The extracellular matrix of the bacterial biofilms was shown to contain extracellular DNA carrying the antibiotic resistance markers. The action of the enzyme complex resulted in lower frequency of the antibiotic resistance genes transfer in mixed bacterial biofilms.

A micromycete culture was isolated from a soil sample of Buryatiya and identified as Tolypocladium inflatum No. 2. The culture was shown to produce a complex of cyclosporins ofunusual component structure: the content of cyclosporin A (55—60%) was the same as that in the substances produced by the majority of the described cultures, the content of cyclosporin B was much higher (about 40%) and the content of cyclosporin C was relatively low (about 3%). An appreciable content of cyclosporin (Leu4)Cs (3%) proved to be of interest.

The frequence of mutations in the rifampicin resistant (RIF^r) clones of microorganisms after adaption to ofloxacin and metronidazole was investigated to estimate the biological cost of H.pylori rifampicin (RIF) resistance. Mutations in rpoB gene responsible for RIF resistance of H.pylori were shown to have biological cost and be compensated by additional mutations in the microorganism genome. Comparison of the mutation frequency in the presence of metroniazole demonstrated that the acquired resistance to RIF resulted in changing of the adaptative capacity of the RIF^r clones of H.pylori to metronidazole. Thus, a significant increase of the mutation frequency (> 700 times) in one of the RIF^r clones and a broad spectrum of the mutations responsible for resistance to metronidazole vs. the H.pylori initial strain 26695 were observed. The findings could be evident of the fact that the adaptation to RIF changed the properties of the cell on one hand in such a way that its mutation capacity increased and that the target selection on the other hand revealed hypermutable cells, likely usual for the bacterial population.

The in vitro effect of phytosubstances containing flavonoids and phenylpropanoids on the antilysozyme activity of varioous groups of microorganisms, such as staphylococci, bacilli, enterobacteria and nonfermenting bacteria was studied. The second fraction of the pink carbonic acid extract showed high antioxidant activity and most efficiently inhibited the ability of various microorganisms to inactivate the host lysozyme. The selected phytosubstance could be useful in clinical practice as an additional antimicrobial agent in etiotropic therapy or prophylaxis of some infections.

Ingavirin® is low toxic for the MDCK cell culture. The drug concentration of 1000 mcg/ml does not reach the CD₅₀ value. The antiviral activity of Ingavirin® was studied with respect to the influenza virus A/H1N1, including the Remantadin® resistant variant, in 1—7 subcultutes. In multiple contamination by 0.01 CPD₅₀/ml Ingavirin® in concentrations of 250 to 400 mcg/ml prevented development of the virus-induced CPE. Analogous results were recorded with respect to the Remantadin® resistant variant of the influenza virus A/H1N1. In the same concentrations the drug affected the virus reproduction, evident from inhibition of the hemagglutinin formation. No Ingavirin® resistant mutants were isolated after the virus repeated subcultures in the presence of the increasing drug concentrations in the MDCK cell culture. In the experiment with multiple contamination by 0.01 CPD₅₀/ml, the Ingavirin® antiviral activity was detectable when the drug was administered 60 and even 90 min after the adsorption.

The comparative analysis of the efficacy of Ingavirin® and etiotropic chemotherapeutics, such as Arbidol® and Remantadin®, against the influenza virus A (H3N2) performed with the use of susceptible permanent cell cultures showed that in the used concentrations Ingavirin® was efficient in inhibition of the virus cytopathic activity , formation of the specific hemagglutinin and reproduction of the virus (by the accumulation).

The efficacy of the therapeutic, prophylactic and urgent prophylactic schemes for the use of Reaferon-ES lipint®, a liposomal human recombinant α-interferon for oral use, was studied on mice infected with the avian influenza virus. Strain A/Chicken/Kurgan /05/2005 (subtype H5N1) of the avian influenza virus showed high virulence with respect to mice ICR. Theoretically-based calculations allowed to design an optimal therapeutic and prophylactic dose of the drug for the mice (1000 units/animal). It was observed that only after prophylactic use of Reaferon-ES lipint® it was effective in protection of the mice infected with 10 LD₅₀ of the avian influenza virus (A/Chicken/Kurgan/05/2005, H5N1). The protection coefficient was 0.35. Under such conditions the drug efficacy was comparable with that of Tamiflu. Therefore, Reaferon-ES lipint® could be recommended for prophylaxis of the infection due not only to the season strains of the influenza virus, but also to the strains of the avian influenza virus.

It was shown that the course use of Ventrofit, a complex plant remedy, normalized the structural and functional integrity of the stomach and thin intestine mucous membranes damaged by the use of 6-mercaptopurine.

The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on the reproductive system were studied on adult male rats. The results of the experiments showed that the polychlorinated biphenyls significantly decreased the number of the spermatogenesis cells and spermatozoa in the testicular tissue. In addition, increased peroxidation and failure of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants were observed. The results suggested that the revealed disorders could play an important role in pathogenesis of male infertility, caused by environmental pollutants.

The results of the multicentre clinical trials on cycloferon efficacy in children at the age from 4 to 16 years are presented. The prophylactic effect of the drug (2.9—7.2-fold decrease of the morbidity) with respect to the respiratory tract mono- and mixed infections was showen. The marked cytoprotective effect, evident from lower destruction of the epithelial cells and increased activity of the local nonspecific resistance factors (lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin A) was observed.

Light microscopy of the axillary lymph nodes in 74 relatively healthy women and in 186 patients with mammary gland cancer revealed that the lymph nodes of10.8% of the patients contained no substantia medullaris: the tractus pulposus and cerebral sinuses were replaced by various types of the connective tissue. Similar signs in the relatively healthy women were much rarer (5.4%). The frequency of the sclerotic transformation was shown to be not dependent on the neoadjuvant chemotherapy of the mammary gland cancer but increased with aging of the subjects. After the use of polychemotherapy followed by long-term traumatic surginal interventions, tissue detritus and blood formed elements were detectable in the sinus system of the regional lymph nodes.

Retrospective analysis provided data on the efficacy and safety of antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of urinary tract infections in 21 patients with urolithiasis in an urological unit of a municipal multiprofile hospital. For estimation of the antimicrobial therapy efficacy ATC/DDD method was used (The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System with Defined Daily Doses). The analysis showed that the isolates (>50%) were highly resistant to the majority of the antibiotics prescribed by the physicians for the empirical therapy within 90% DU (Drug Utilization). Moreover, adverse reactions to the antibiotics were recorded in 9.5% of the patients. It was concluded that in the routine practice of the physicians, the antibiotic therapy was not corrected with the microbiological view and the pharmacotherapy efficacy was not duely estimated. Such a situation requires cooperation of clinical pharmacologists and clinicians, periodical analysis of the drug misuse and therapeutic drug monitoring to solve the problem.

The analysis of the literature data for the last 10 years showed that microbiological, spectroscopic, chromatographic and electrochemical methods were most often used in quantitative determination of antibiotics in biological samples and drugs. Beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and other antibiotics were widely investigated. The characteristics of different methods of the antibiotic determination were discussed.