Nosocomial bacterial Isolates collected within 2003-2004 (n=411) and 2005-2007 (n=422) were highly resistant to cephalosporins III-IV and antibacterials of other groups (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolons, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole). Genes encoding TEM, SHV, CTX-M, OXA-2, and AmpC types of beta-lactamases (BLs) in the E.coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. isolates were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prevalent CTX-M-type BLs were detected in 85% of the E.coli, 87% of the Klebsiella spp., and 38% of the Enterobacter spp. isolates of the first strain collection and in 94% of the E.coli, 91% of the Klebsiella spp., and 38% of the Enterobacter spp. isolates of the second one. Genes belonging to three subtypes of bla_CTX-M genes were identified: bla_CTX-M-1 (228 bla_CTX-M-15 and six bla_CTX-M-3 of the first strain collection; 275 bla_CTX-M-15, three bla_CTX-M-3, and one bla_CTX-M-22 of the second one), bla_CTX-M-2 (one bla_CTX__M_₅ of the first strain collection and one bla_CTX-M-2 of the second one), bla_CTX-M-9 (17 bla_CTX-M-14 and one bla_CTX-M-9 of the first strain collection; seven bla_CTX-M-14 and one bla_CTX-M-9 of the second one). Three isolates of the first strain collection and one isolate of the second one carried two genes belonging to two different subtypes i. e. bla_CTX-M-15 and bla_CTX-M-14 simultaneously. The bacterial isolates had high levels of associative resistance to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, amikacin, and chloramphenicol associated with the resistance gene cassettes aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadB, aacA4, aac(6)Ib; dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA17, cmlA1, ereA2, and catB8 in the class 1 integrons and the resistance gene cassettes dfrA1, sat1, and aadA1 in the class 2 integrons.

It was shown that colloidal silver solution prepared In cooperation with the A. F. Ioffe Physical Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, had significant bactericidal activity. Stable bactericidal effect on gramnegative microorganisms was observed after their 2-hour exposition in the solution of colloidal silver at a concentration of 10 ppm. Grampositive capsule-forming microorganisms were less susceptible to the colloidal silver solution: their death was observed after the 4-hour exposition in the solution.

Sixty preparations of basidiomycetes ( Ganoderma, Lentinus, Pleurotus, Laetiporus, Polyporus, Inonotus, Flammulina, Grifola, Trametes) were investigated with respect to their toxicity for Vero cells and antiviral activity. The antiviral activity was estimated with the use of the West Nile virus and type 2 Herpes simplex. It was shown that 11 preparations of Ganoderma, Lentinus and Pleurotus completely inhibited the infective activity in doses not lower than 1000 TCD₅₀ (the West Nile virus) and 100 PPU (type 2 Herpes simplex). The antiviral activity of the preparations was likely due to the content of polysaccharides or their derivatives in the composition. It increased with increasing of the quantity of the total polysaccharide fraction or its concentration.

Antiviral properties of Ingavirin® were investigated in the Hep-2 cell culture with respect to the human respiratory tract virus (type 5 adenovirus). In concentrations of Ingavirin® of 1000, 100 and 10 mcg/ml the generated posterity showed lower infective capacity (by 250, 100 and 10 times respectivelly). The electron microscopy of the infected cells confirmed the Ingavirin® ability to disturb the adenovirus normal morphogenesis.

The experimental study of the prophylactic efficacy of Triazaverin against the experimental form of the influenza virus A (H5N1) on albino mice intranasally infected with the influenza virus A/Chicken/Kurgan/Russia/02/05 vs. the reference drugs Tamiflu®, Remantadin and Arbidol® showed that in doses of 1 to 100 mg/kg it was efficient in the animal protection from death. The drug was also efficient in the urgent prophylaxis. Triazaverin effectively inhibited the influenza A virus multiplication in the lungs of the albino mice.

The experimental data concerning the influence of repeated administration of cyclophosphamide in a total dose of 200 mg/kg on the glutathione metabolism and lipide peroxidation in the liver and kidneys of albino noninbred rats are presented. The possibility of the natural cytoprotection system correction by the use of cycloflavin was shown. The cytoprotection action mechanisms of the pharmacological agent are discussed.

The effect of L-lysine-a-oxidase from a representative of the Trichoderma genus on the humoral immune response to protein antigens was studied. It was shown that repeated fife-fold intravenous administrations of L-lysine-a-oxidase in a dose of 35 U/kg had no depressive action on the humoral immunity. The enzyme had no suppressive effect on the delayed type hypersensitivity to xenogenous erythrocytes. The use of L-lysine-a-oxidase in a therapeutic dose or in a twice as higher dose had no reliable effect on the leukocyte migration capacity vs. the control.

The best therapeutic effect in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B was observed with the use of cycloferon in the scheme of the antiviral therapy. The combination of cycloferon with lamivudine provided complete stable remission in 54.1% of the patients, whereas the use of а-interferon in combination with cycloferon provided remission in 44.1% of the lamivudine-resistant patients. The use of cycloferon in the therapy of chronic hepatitis B made it possible to lower the frequency and manifestation level of the side effects and prevented the lamivudine resistance development and generation of the virus mutants.

The rate of acetylation of xenobiotics affects the course and prognosis of infectious diseases. The efficacy of antibiotic therapy of community-acquired pneumonia in RA-patients is lower than that in LA-ones. In order to ensure the best antimicrobial effect on the onset of the disease it is required to use regimens with the maximum permissible dose of antibacterial drugs in the regions where the rapid type prevails.

The species composition, antilysozyme activity and antibiotic resistance of coryneform bacteria, isolated from the reproductive tract of women with microecological disturbances, were studied. Sixty six women without microecological disturbances and 102 female patients with microecological disturbances in the reproductive tract were examined. The study showed that Corynebacterium minutissimum, C.amycolatum, C.group JK, C.bovis and C.pseudodiphtheriticum prevailed in the healthy women. In the patients with microecological disturbances in the reproductive tract C.vitarumen, C.matruchotii, C.striatum, C.renale and C.urealyticum were detected in addition to the above species. The average antilysozyme activity of the coryneform bacteria isolated from the healthy women was 1.32+0.47. In the patients with microecological disturbances in the reproductive tract it was 1.84+0.38. The in vitro susceptibility of the coryneform bacteria to antimicrobial agents was determined. High prevalence of resistance to beta-lactams (oxacillin and penicillin), erythromycin and co-trimoxazole was detected. Thus, the species variety and the antilysozyme activity of the coryneform bacteria in the reproductive tract of the women with microecological disturbances were found to be higher. The high prevalence of resistance to oxacillin, penicillin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole in the coryneform bacteria isolated from the patients with the microecological disturbances did not differ from that in the healthy women.

The use of macrolides in the treatment of chlamydial infection during pregnancy and breast feeding is reviewed from the viewpoint of evidence-based medicine. The clinical experience and research data suggest azithromycin to be safe and effective in the obstetric practice.