Значение экспресс-методов идентификации возбудителей и механизмов антибиотикорезистентности для оптимизации антибиотикотерапии: нарративный обзор

Антибиотикорезистентность остаётся одной из наиболее значимых проблем современной клинической практики, поскольку ассоциирована с ростом летальности, увеличением продолжительности госпитализации и повышением экономической нагрузки на систему здравоохранения. Особое значение данная проблема имеет при инфекциях, вызванных ESKAPE-патогенами, карбапенеморезистентными бактериями семейства Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii и Pseudomonas aeruginosa, для которых своевременный выбор рациональной антибактериальной терапии влияет на прогноз. Целью настоящего обзора является обобщение современных данных о значении экспресс-методов идентификации возбудителей и выявления механизмов антибиотикорезистентности для оптимизации проведения антибиотикотерапии. Поиск литературы проводился в PubMed/MEDLINE, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar, Springer Link и ScienceDirect, в анализ включено 70 публикаций. Рассмотрены возможности мультиплексных ПЦР-панелей, MALDI-TOF MS, быстрых фенотипических методов определения чувствительности, метагеномного секвенирования и вспомогательных маркеров. Продемонстрировано, что экспресс-диагностика позволяет сократить время до назначения адекватной терапии, ускорить эскалацию при выявлении резистентных штаммов, способствовать деэскалации и снижать необоснованное применение антибиотиков. Наиболее выраженный клинический эффект достигается при интеграции быстрых диагностических тестов в программы рационального управления антимикробной терапией с участием микробиологов, клинических фармакологов и инфекционистов. Вместе с тем данные о влиянии экспресс-диагностики на летальность, продолжительность госпитализации и экономические затраты остаются неоднородными, что связано с различиями в локальной эпидемиологии AMR, доступности диагностических платформ, организации лабораторного процесса, маршрутизации результатов и качестве клинической интерпретации.

1. Kumar Sharma H, Singh R, Grover A, Malik R, Triveni, Singh S, et al. Estimating the disease burden of drug-resistant bacterial infections: present trends and future risks. In: Hospital-Acquired Infections — Bridging Pathogen Challenges to Sustainable Healthcare Solutions [Internet]. London: IntechOpen; 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1012085. https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1231286.

2. Морозов А.М., Сергеев А.Н., Кадыков В.А., Аскеров Э.М., Жуков С.В., Минакова Ю.Е. и др. О развитии антибиотикорезистентности в аспекте поликлинической службы. Вестник современной клинической медицины. 2021; 14 (5): 43–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.20969/VSKM.2021.14(5).43-50.

3. Углева С.В., Стародубов В.И., Береговых В.В., Акимкин В.Г., Козлов Р.С., Тутельян А.В. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность — важнейший вызов России: научные и практические аспекты, пути решения. Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. 2024; 79 (6): 539–550. doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn17922.

4. Карпов О.Э., Гусаров В.Г., Замятин М.Н., Орлова О.А., Петрова Л.В., Камышова Д.А. и др. Управление антибиотикорезистентностью в стационаре: современные реалии и перспективы. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2020; 22 (4): 277–286. doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2020.4.277-286.

5. Alshaikh A, Kubas M. Empirical antibiotic use, resistance patterns, and their impact on clinical outcomes in a Yemeni tertiary hospital. New Microbes New Infect. 2026; 101723. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2026.101723.

6. Ohnuma T, Chihara S, Costin B, et al. Association of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy with in-hospital mortality in patients with bloodstream infections in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023; 6 (1): e2249353. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49353.

7. Urzedo JE, de Paula Menezes R, Ferreira ML, de Brito CS, Dantas RCC, Gontijo-Filho PP, et al. Inappropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment in bloodstream infections patients in the era of multidrug resistance. Rev Epidemiol Control Infect. 2022; 12 (2): 55–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.17058/reci.v12i2.16855. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366631132_Inappropriate_empirical_antimicrobial_treatment_in_bloodstream_infections_patients_in_the_era_of_multidrug_resistance

8. Эйдельштейн М.В., Шайдуллина Э.Р., Иванчик Н.В., Дехнич А.В., Микотина А.В., Склеенова Е.Ю. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность клинических изолятов Klebsiella pneumoniae и Escherichia coli в стационарах России: результаты многоцентрового эпидемиологического исследования. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2024; 26 (1): 67–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2024.1.67-78.

9. Matuszak SS, Kolodziej L, Micek S, Kollef M. Antibiotic de-escalation in the intensive care unit: rationale and potential strategies. Antibiotics (Basel). 2025; 14 (5): 467. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14050467.

10. Zeitler K, Narayanan N. The present and future state of antimicrobial stewardship and rapid diagnostic testing: can one ideally succeed without the other? Curr Treat Options Infect Dis. 2019; 11: 177–187. doi: 10.1007/s40506-019-00190-9.

11. Tanzarella ES, Cutuli SL, Lombardi G, Cammarota F, Caroli A, Franchini E, et al. Antimicrobial de-escalation in critically ill patients. Antibiotics. 2024; 13 (4): 375. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13040375.

12. de Klerk P, Zikalala-Mabope LA, Skosana PP. Determining the use and reasons for non-de-escalation of empiric carbapenem therapy in a private hospital in South Africa. Antibiotics (Basel). 2025; 14 (12): 1220. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14121220.

13. Kassis I, Al Balas M, Rashid SH, et al. Appropriateness of antibiotic therapy and its association with clinical outcomes among critically ill patients: a retrospective study from the United Arab Emirates. Research Square [Preprint]. 2026 Jan 27. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8481307/v1.

14. Rodríguez-Gómez M, Martínez-Sagasti F, Calle-Romero M, PrietoCabrera A, De La Montaña-Díaz P, Díaz-De la Torre I, et al. RAPIDCARE: rapid antibiotic optimization in the ICU after implementation of a pneumonia multiplex PCR test — a real-world evaluation. Antibiotics (Basel). 2025; 14 (11): 1084. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14111084.

15. Gigante V, Sati H, Beyer P. Recent advances and challenges in antibacterial drug development. ADMET DMPK. 2022; 10 (2): 147–151. doi: 10.5599/admet.1271.

16. Gigante V, Alm RA, Melchiorri D, Rocke T, Arias CA, Czaplewski L, et al. Multi-year analysis of the global preclinical antibacterial pipeline: trends and gaps. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2024; 68: e00535–24. doi: 10.1128/aac.00535-24.

17. Catalano A, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Pellegrino M, Giuzio F, Marra M, et al. Antibiotic-resistant ESKAPE pathogens and COVID-19: the pandemic beyond the pandemic. Viruses. 2023; 15 (9): 1843. doi: 10.3390/v15091843.

18. Warwas FB, Thol F, Sieber MA, et al. Next-generation sequencing improves pathogen identification in odontogenic abscesses, could this affect clinical outcomes? Clin Oral Investig. 2025; 29: 430. doi: 10.1007/s00784-025-06504-0.

19. Aguilar-Salazar A, Martínez-Vázquez AV, Aguilera-Arreola G, de Jesus de Luna-Santillana E, Cruz-Hernández MA, Escobedo-Bonilla CM, et al. Prevalence of ESKAPE bacteria in surface water and wastewater sources: multidrug resistance and molecular characterization, an updated review. Water. 2023;15 (18): 3200. doi: 10.3390/w15183200.

20. Salim MA, Diler SB, Köklü R, Öztrük A, Polat F, Hajhamed NM, et al. Prevalence and drug resistance patterns of ESKAPE pathogens in Nigde, Türkiye. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2026; 20 (02): 208–218. doi: 10.3855/jidc.21781.

21. Alvisi G, Curtoni A, Fonnesu R, Piazza A, Signoretto C, Piccinini G, et al. Epidemiology and genetic traits of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales: a global threat to human health. Antibiotics. 2025; 14 (2): 141. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14020141.

22. Bansal J, Goel V, Pal N, Singh K, Manocha H, Sahni AK. Trends of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Microbiol Trop Dis. 2025. doi: 10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2025.034.

23. Singla S, Murk FNU, Singla B, Lama S, Fareed MU, Anika NN, et al. Enhancing bloodstream infection management: a systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests and their integration into antimicrobial stewardship programs. Cureus. 2025; 17 (9): e92866. doi: 10.7759/cureus.92866.

24. Wolk DM, Parrott JS, Babady NE, Mochon AB, Tom R, Diel C, et al. The American Society for Microbiology’s evidence-based laboratory medicine practice guidelines for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections using rapid tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2025; 38: e0013724. doi: 10.1128/cmr.00137-24.

25. Peri AM, Chatfield MD, Ling W, Furuya-Kanamori L, Harris PNA, Paterson DL. Rapid diagnostic tests and antimicrobial stewardship programs for the management of bloodstream infection: what is their relative contribution to improving clinical outcomes? A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2024; 79 (2): 502–515. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciae234.

26. Pintea-Simon IA, Bancu L, Mare AD, Ciurea CN, Toma F, Man A. Rapid molecular diagnostics of pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacteria: a clinician’s review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024; 13 (9): 805. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13090805.

27. Butler MS, Gigante V, Sati H, Paulin S, Al-Sulaiman L, Rex JH, et al. Analysis of the clinical pipeline of treatments for drug-resistant bacterial infections: despite progress, more action is needed. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022; 66 (3): e0199121. doi: 10.1128/aac.01991-21.

28. Mahrous NN, Fallatah MM, Fitaihi RA, Aldahshan H, Alhhazmi AA, Al-Khaldi S, et al. Point-of-care diagnostic technologies for antimicrobial resistance: principles, platforms, clinical impact, and future directions. Diagnostics. 2026; 16 (8): 1239. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics16081239.

29. Caspar Y, Deves A, Richarme C, Le Marechal M, Ponderand L, Mounayar A-L, et al. Clinical impact and cost-consequence analysis of ePlex® blood culture identification panels for the rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024; 43: 1193–1203. doi: 10.1007/s10096-024-04820-z.

30. Bryant S, Almahmoud I, Pierre I, Bardet J, Touati S, Maubon D, et al. Evaluation of microbiological performance and the potential clinical impact of the ePlex® blood culture identification panels for the rapid diagnosis of bacteremia and fungemia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020; 10: 594951. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594951.

31. Verroken A, Despas N, Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Laterre PF. The impact of a rapid molecular identification test on positive blood cultures from critically ill patients with bacteremia: a pre-post intervention study. PLoS One. 2019; 14 (9): e0223122. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223122.

32. Claeys KC, Heil EL, Hitchcock S, Johnson JK, Leekha S. Management of Gram-negative bloodstream infections in the era of rapid diagnostic testing: impact with and without antibiotic stewardship. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020; 7 (10): ofaa427. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa427.

33. Grant JM, Porter C, Charles MK, Bryce EA, Wong T, Stefanovic A, et al. Potential influence of rapid diagnostics on timeliness of management decisions for patients with positive blood cultures. Off J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can. 2019; 5 (1): 21–28. doi: 10.3138/jammi.2019-0002.

34. Beganovic M, McCreary EK, Mahoney MV, Dionne B, Green DA, Timbrook TT. Interplay between rapid diagnostic tests and antimicrobial stewardship programs among patients with bloodstream and other severe infections. J Appl Lab Med. 2019; 3 (4): 601–616. doi: 10.1373/jalm.2018.026450.

35. Adolph JE, Pentek C, Bauch T, Held C, Brenner T, Felderhoff-Müser U, et al. Next-generation sequencing of cell-free microbial DNA in blood samples of critically ill children: a single-center experience. Mol Cell Pediatr. 2026; 13: 12. doi: 10.1186/s40348-026-00226-3.

36. Thol F, Warwas FB, Spuck N, Kramer F-J, Heim N. Microbial spectrum and resistance of odontogenic abscesses — microbiological analysis using next generation sequencing. Clin Oral Investig. 2025; 29: 8. doi: 10.1007/s00784-024-06097-0.

37. Lin B, Meng X, Pu K, Fu T, Peng N, Li Q. Early diagnostic strategy for central nervous system bacterial infections after neurosurgery: a retrospective study. Medicine. 2025; 104 (51): e46635. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000046635.

38. Curren EJ, Lutgring JD, Kabbani S, Diekema DJ, Gitterman S, Lautenbach E, et al. Advancing diagnostic stewardship for healthcareassociated infections, antibiotic resistance, and sepsis. Clin Infect Dis. 2022; 74 (4): 723–728. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab672.

39. Simons CC, Capraro GA. Barriers to implementation of rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing technologies in the clinical microbiology laboratory: an American perspective. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024; 79 (Suppl 1): i32–i36. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkae279.

40. Raycheva R, Lengerova G, Petrov M, Kantardjiev T. Rapid diagnostic testing in bloodstream infections: a retrospective clinical and economic evaluation from a university hospital in Bulgaria. Microorganisms. 2026; 14 (3): 675. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14030675.

41. Wang L, Yang F, Zhou C, Yang X, Rong J, Chi X, et al. Multifactorial impacts of blood culture process optimization on clinical outcomes and healthcare economics in bloodstream infection management. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026; 16: 1699905. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1699905.

42. Ehren K, Meißner A, Jazmati N, Wille J, Jung N, Vehreschild JJ, et al. Clinical impact of rapid species identification from positive blood cultures with same-day phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing on the management and outcome of bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 70 (7): 1285–1293. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz406.

43. Дубинина Ю.Н., Саржевский В.О., Мельниченко В.Я., Мочкин Н.Е. Применение биомаркеров воспаления для прогноза инфекционных осложнений после аутологичной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток. Онкогематология. 2025; 20 (3): 104–119. doi: https://doi.org/10.17650/1818-8346-2025-20-3-104-119.

44. Eubank TA, Long SW, Perez KK. Role of rapid diagnostics in diagnosis and management of patients with sepsis. J Infect Dis. 2020; 222 (Suppl 2): S103–S109. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa263.

45. Cheng J, Li Q, Zhang G, Xu H, Li Y, Tian X, et al. Time to appropriate antibiotic therapy is an independent indicator of poor outcome in children with nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection. Research Square [Preprint]. 2021. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-136343/v1.

46. Kramme E, Käding N, Graf T, Schmoll K, Linnen H, Nagel K, et al. Rapid diagnostic testing combined with an immediate infectious disease consultation increases the rate of septic intensive care unit patients on targeted antibiotic therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025; 14: 1513408. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1513408.

47. Banerjee R, Patel R. Molecular diagnostics for genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance: current landscape and future directions. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2023; 5 (1): dlad018. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad018.

48. Marin KC, Ritiu SA, Băloi A, Barsac CR, Sandesc D, Papurica M, et al. Rapid molecular diagnostics for MDR nosocomial infections in ICUs: integration with prevention, stewardship, and novel therapies. Diagnostics. 2025; 15 (23): 3060. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15233060.

49. Liborio MP, Peri AM, Harris PNA. Evaluating emerging molecular diagnostics for severe infections in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2026; 26 (4): 345–361. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2026.2667917.

50. Raycheva R, Lengerova G, Petrov M, Kantardjiev T. Clinical and economic value of rapid microbiological diagnostics in bloodstream infections: a state-of-the-art evidence review with emphasis on PCR and MALDI-TOF. Microorganisms. 2026; 14 (5): 994. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14050994.

51. Jinks T, Subramaniam S, Bassetti M, Gales AC, Kullar R, Metersky ML, et al. Opportunities to enhance diagnostic testing and antimicrobial stewardship: a qualitative multinational survey of healthcare professionals. Infect Dis Ther. 2024; 13 (7): 1621–1637. doi: 10.1007/s40121-024-00996-1.

52. Moore LSP, Villegas MV, Wenzler E, Ramson TM, Oladele RO, Apisarnthanarak A. Rapid diagnostic test value and implementation in antimicrobial stewardship across low-to-middle and high-income countries: a mixed-methods review. Infect Dis Ther. 2023; 12: 1445–1463. doi: 10.1007/s40121-023-00815-z.

53. Dona D, Barbieri E, Brigadoi G, Barchitta M, Berardi A, Bosis S, et al. Pediatric stewardship in Italy: a necessity, not an option — a National Multi-Society Expert Consensus on Antimicrobial and Diagnostic Stewardship (SIP, SITIP, SIMRI, SIAIP, SIMEUP, SIPPS, SICUPP, SIMIT, SIMPE, SIPINF, SIT, SIAATIP, SARNEPI, AIEOP, SIM, SITI, SIF, SIFACT, SITA, SIN). Ital J Pediatr. 2025;51:283. doi: 10.1186/s13052-025-02112-6.

54. Comini S, Bianco G, Boattini M, Banche G, Ricciardelli G, Allizond V, et al. Evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm for rapid identification of Gram-negative species and detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase directly from blood cultures. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2022; 77 (10): 2632–2641. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkac230.

55. Tiseo G, Arena F, Borrè S, Campanile F, Falcone M, Mussini C, et al. Diagnostic stewardship based on patient profiles: differential approaches in acute versus chronic infectious syndromes. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021; 19 (11): 1373–1383. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1926986.

56. Di Marcello A, Santoro A, Todisco V, Franceschini E, Orlando G, Casolari S, et al. Proactive antimicrobial stewardship with real-time microbiological alerts improves management of bloodstream infections. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2025; 7 (5): dlaf182. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlaf182.

57. Pokharel S, White LJ, Sacks JA, Escadafal C, Toporowski A, Mohammed SI, et al. Two-test algorithms for infectious disease diagnosis: implications for COVID-19. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2022; 2 (3): e0000293. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000293.

58. Rodríguez A, Gómez F, Sarvisé C, Gutiérrez C, Giralt MG, GuerreroTorres MD, et al. Clinical and microbiological impact of implementing a decision support algorithm through microbiologic rapid diagnosis in critically ill patients: an epidemiological retrospective pre-/postintervention study. Biomedicines. 2023; 11 (12): 3330. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11123330.

59. Mponponsuo K, Leal J, Spackman E, Somayaji R, Gregson D, RennertMay E. Mathematical model of the cost-effectiveness of the BioFire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification (BCID) Panel molecular rapid diagnostic test compared with conventional methods for identification of Escherichia coli bloodstream infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2022; 77 (2): 507–516. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkab398.

60. Wang F, Zhan Q, Zhu H, Guo L, Shu L, Qu T. Non-genitourinary Ureaplasma urealyticum infections in solid organ transplant recipients: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis. 2025; 25: 1827. doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-12223-4.

61. Donà D, Barbieri E, Brigadoi G, Liberati C, Bosis S, Castagnola E, et al. State of the art of antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship in pediatric setting. Antibiotics. 2025; 14 (2): 132. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14020132.

62. Elbehiry A, Marzouk E, Abalkhail A, Anagreyyah S, Almalki A, Alazwari N, et al. Rapid molecular diagnostics for bloodstream infection in patients with chronic kidney disease. Diagnostics. 2026; 16 (8): 1156. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics16081156.

63. Apisarnthanarak A, Kim HB, Moore L, et al. Rapid diagnostic testing for antimicrobial stewardship: utility in Asia Pacific. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021; 42 (7): 864–868. doi: 10.1017/ice.2021.149.

64. Lengerova G, Raycheva R, Petrov M, Kantardjiev T. Balancing speed and cost: economic insights from rapid diagnostic testing in bloodstream infections. Antibiotics (Basel). 2026; 15 (3): 320. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics15030320.

65. Lau TMM, Daniel R, Hughes K, Wootton M, Hood K, Gillespie D. A systematic review investigating the use of microbiology outcome measures in randomized controlled trials evaluating antimicrobial stewardship interventions published between 2011 and 2021. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2022; 4 (1):dlac013. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac013.

66. Быков А.О., Суворова М.П., Проценко Д.Н., Яковлев С.В., Игнатенко О.В., Бурмистрова Е.Н., и др. Анализ структуры бактериемий и чувствительности к антибиотикам микроорганизмов, выделенных в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии в скоропомощном стационаре в период с 2003 по 2021 г.: ретроспективное наблюдательное исследование. Вестник интенсивной терапии имени А.И. Салтанова. 2023; (2): 55–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2023-2-55-65.

67. Васин Р.В., Филимонов В.Б., Терещенко С.В., Ионов Е.Н. Инфекции мочевыводящих путей. Опыт ГБУ РО ГКБ №11 г. Рязань. Данные ретроспективного лабораторного мониторинга за 2022 год. Экспериментальная и клиническая урология. 2024;17(1):110-117. doi: https://doi.org/10.29188/2222-8543-2024-17-1-110-117.

68. Гордеева С.А., Золотарёв А.Ю., Мовсисян М.Г., Розинко А.В. Опыт практического применения микробиологического анализатора BactoSCREEN в работе лаборатории клинической микробиологии. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2020; 22 (3): 221–230. doi: https://doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2020.3.221-230.

69. Баранцевич Н.Е., Баранцевич Е.П. Применение секвенирования по Сэнгеру в этиологической диагностике бактериальных осложнений в стационаре. Антибиотики и химиотер. 2024; 69 (9–10): 17–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2024-69-9-10-17-23.

70. Базанович С.А., Юрьев М.Ю., Гудожникова В.В., Жданова М.А., Голубева М.А., Петрова М.В., Каменева Т.Р. Анализ структуры бактериемий у пациентов в хроническом критическом состоянии, проходящих лечение и реабилитацию в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии. Физическая и реабилитационная медицина, медицинская реабилитация. 2025; 7 (3): 190–200. doi: https://doi.org/10.36425/rehab690041.