Studies have shown that high-molecular inducers of interferon Larigan®, Ridostin®, and Rifastin cause «early» interferon production which amounts to maximum 3 hours after injection. Re-introduction of interferon inducers with an interval of 3 days does not cause the inhibition of interferon synthesis, i.e. refractoriness is not observed. Oral administration of a low molecular weight interferon inducer Arbidol® also stimulates the synthesis of endogenous interferon in the blood serum of rabbits, but in much lower concentrations. Reaferon^® when administered intramuscularly to primates in therapeutically effective concentrations is detected in the serum of monkeys 6 hours after application. Reaferon® is not detected in the serum of monkeys after oral administration. It was also impossible to identify the drug after intramuscular administration in rabbits, even at high doses.

The chemical composition and anti-influenza activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts obtained from fruit bodies of Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers. (Shaggy mane) were studied. The antiviral activity of both mushroom extracts against influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68(H3N2) and A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005(H5N1) was revealed for continuous culture of MDCK cells (index suppression of reproduction in the cells of both strains was from 2,0 to 4,7 lg). Dose dependency of antiviral activity of mushroom extracts was shown in in vitro experiments. The significant protective effect of both Coprinus comatus extracts on the influence on the survival rate of mice infected with influenza virus A/H3N2 in the treatment and prevention scheme was revealed in in vivo experiments.

Biological properties of new synthetic triindolylmethylium antibiotics of the triindolylmethane group, including compounds containing a maleimide fragment in the structure, are studied. Their high antibacterial activity in vitro, mainly against gram-positive bacteria, but also against strains with multiple drug resistance, was shown. The compounds, that showed the least in vitro toxicity on human donor fibroblasts PF-hTERT, were subjected to further testing in animals (mice). The LD₅₀ and LD₁₀ values identified were 24.2 and 16.9 mg/kg, respectively, for LCTA-2701 compound and 41.8 and 34.1 mg/kg for LCTA-2841 compound. In vivo testing of chimeric compounds showed their high efficiency in the model of staphylococcal sepsis in mice and a fairly good tolerability. ED₅₀ values were 1.09 mg/kg for LCTA-2701 compound and 18.27 mg/kg for LCTA-2841 compound, and their chemotherapeutic index was, respectively, 22.2 and 2.3.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most common cause of nosocomial infections. There are two main types of K.pneumoniae (Kp) - classical K.pneumoniae (cKp) and hypervirulent K.pneumoniae (hvKp). In 2015, an outbreak of nosocomial infections caused by Kp was recorded in China for the first time, showing signs of hypervirulence and multidrug resistance (production of blaKPC-2). The purpose of this work is to assess the frequency of rectal colonization of patients admitted to a planned treatment in a cancer hospital with virulent and multidrug resistant strains of Kp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study included 168 patients, 156 isolates of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from their rectal samples. Only one P.aeruginosa isolate turned out to be a bla_VIMproducer. 30 isolates of Klebsiella spp.: Kp n=25; K.oxytoca n=3; K.planticola n=1; K.variicola n=1. Producers of carbapenemases have not been identified among them. Hypervirulence markers were detected in two of the three K.oxytoca isolates: in one (string-test «-») - all 5 genes (iucA,prmpA,prmpA2, iroB,peg-344), as well as two additional virulence genes, terB and irp2; in the second (string-test «+») - rmpA and irp2. A hypermucoid phenotype was observed in six Kp isolates and one K.oxytoca. Markers of hypervirulence, presumably with plasmid localization, were found in the Kp isolates: iucA (aerobactin), n=3; prmpA (hypermucoid phenotype regulator), n=3; iroB (salmohelin), n=2; and also, peg-344 (inner membrane conveyor), n=4; virulence determinants of presumably chromosomal localization: terB, n=1 and irp2, n=8. TerB and irp2 were also found in the K.variicola isolate. It is obvious that rectal carriage of bacteria is a real problem as it may be a constant reservoir and source of virulence genes, along with resistance genes.

Every year the problem of resistance of bacterial pathogens of infections in various localizations is becoming increasingly important for doctors of different specialties. This is especially true for clinicians working in the intensive care unit (ICU). Every day we have to deal with the problem of treating infections, primarily related to the provision of medical care (HAI), in patients with severe comorbidities, when timely diagnosis and adequate empirical antibiotic therapy play a key role in saving the patient's life. The list of «problematic» pathogens is constantly expanding. In addition to «traditional» pathogens of nosocomial infections well known to physicians such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus, the importance of other resistant microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family (producers of ^-lactamase extended spectrum - ESBL), non-fermenting bacteria (Acinetobacter spp., in particular), as well as microscopic fungi has increased.

The object of research was an array of data on the clinical effectiveness of Cycloferon tablets and injections for intestinal infections, sepsis, meningitis,and brucellosis in children and adults, extracted from publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The aim of the work was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of Cycloferon by comparing the results (outcomes) of its use against the background of basic therapy of acute and chronic infectious diseases of bacterial and viral genesis with different localization, taking into account the heterogeneity of the comparison groups and high variability of the indicator parameters of the response to the drug. Formalized parameters of clinical effectiveness of Cycloferon and background therapy, such as OR, the increase in absolute and relative benefits, NNT, were compared. High variability of indicators was leveled by the symmetry of the comparison groups. Combining the comparison groups in the meta-analysis process increased the statistical power of the study and allowed giving a generalized assessment of the clinical efficacy of the drug. It is shown that the use of cycloferon for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in adults and children more than doubles the chances of recovery and diminishes the recurrence of infectious diseases.

The purpose of the study Is to conduct DDD analysis and DU90% analysis of antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia in the real clinical practice of the inpatient department of the federal center in Russia. Material and methods. The materials for the study are data from 48 case histories of patients with CAP, hospitalized in the Volga District Medical Centre (VDMC) under Federal Medical and Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia in Nizhny Novgorod in 2016. The patients' age ranged from 22 to 84 years (54.79+17.49). The diagnosis was confirmed by x-ray examinations at admission. The average severity of the disease was diagnosed in 41.67% (20 patients), the severe degree of the disease in 58.33% (28 patients). When conducting a retrospective pharmacoepidemiological assessment, DDD analysis and DU90% analysis were used. Results. The largest number of prescriptions falls on III generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. The largest NDDD value corresponds to levofloxacin, followed by ceftriaxone (NDDD = 108.5 g, which is 4.3 times less than for levofloxacin). Within the framework of 100 bed-days in the hospital, 69.67% of patients receive levofloxation therapy, which is several times greater than the proportion of patients receiving therapy with other antimicrobial agents. The group constituting 90% of all the NDDD antimicrobial drugs consumed in CAP included: levofloxacin - 71.19%, ceftriaxone - 16.50%, ertapenem - 4.70%. The DU10% segment was comprised of medications with the share in the real structure of prescriptions amounting to 24.56%. The cost of one DDD in the DU90% segment (6,022.88 rubles) is 1.9 times higher than that in the DU10% segment (3,166.73 rubles), which allows discussing the extensive use of expensive drugs. Conclusions. Drugs, included in the group of 90% according to the results of DU90%, accounted for 75.44% in the real purpose structure. Expensive antimicrobials (original drugs and high-quality generics) were predominantly used in the hospital. The cost of one DDD in the DU90% segment is almost 2 times the cost of DDD in the DU10% segment.

Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinecobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are the most important nosocomial pathogens due to rapid growth of multiple drug resistance among them. This review contains the analysis of articles on characteristics of structural and physiological features of these pathogens as pathogens of nosocomial infections and connections between virulence and antibiotic resistance. New approaches and antibacterial agents, alternative to antibiotics, which help solve the problem of overcoming antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria are described.

The article is devoted to the Dutch researcher Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who for the first time almost 350 years ago saw microorganisms in water with a piece of horseradish root in it with the help of a microscope designed by him. It provides information about the history of microscopy and the role of Leeuwenhoek, who was the first to see erythrocytes, spermatozoa, and striated muscle fibers along with microorganisms. The article also discusses creative collaboration between Leeuwenhoek and artist Jan Vermeer. The most likely reason for the close relationship between the researcher and the artist could be the general interest in optical devices, in particular optical effects from the perspective of a microscopist and a painter who used Leeuwenhoek's lens system (camera obscura) in his pictorial technology.