The study showed that bla_CTX-M genes were present in the genomes of 71% of сephаlosporin resistant Enterobacteriaceae nosocomial isolates (n=833) collected in Russian hospitals within 2003-2007, including 91% of E.coli, 90% of Klebsiella spp., 38% of Enterobacter spp., 31 % of Citrobacter spp. (n=9), and 36% of the other Enterobacteriaceae species. The genes belonging to the following subtypes (clusters) were identified: bla_CΎX__M_₁ (529 bla_CTX__M_₁₅ genes; 25 bla_CTX__M_₃ genes; 1 bla_CTX__M_₂₂ gene, 1 bla_CTX-M-23 gene and 1 bla_CTX-M-34 gene); bla_CTX-M-2 (1 blaCTX-M-2 gene and 4 bla_CTX-M-5 genes), and blaCTX-M-9 (2 blaCTX-_M_9 genes, and 28 bla_CTX__M_₁₄ genes). It was shown that bla_CTX-M genes were located on high-molecular weight (60-160 bp) conjugative plasmids belonging mainly to the incompatibility groups IncF, IncL/M and IncA/C (bla_CTX-M-15 gene); IncL/M (bla_CTX-M-3 gene); and IncF, IncL/M and IncIl-ly (_CTX-M-14 gene). The gene environments of bla_CTX-M genes were shown specific for the subtype of the genes. A mobile genetic element lSEcp1 (in some cases deleted or inserted by IS26, IS1, IS10, resTn2, or resTn3 sequences, in direct or reverse position) were detected upstream of bla_CTX-M-3, bla_CTX-M-14, and bla_CTX-M-15 genes. A special characteristic was the sequence between ISEcpl and bla_CTX-M gene: 48 bp for bla_CTX-M-15 (except 1 E.coli isolate having such a sequence deleted by 3 bp); 127 bp for bla_CTX-M-3; 42 bp for bla_CTX-M-14. Downstream of bla_CTX-M and bla_CTX-M-15 genes in the major bacterial isolates orf477 mucA and Aorf477-AmucA sequences were detected respectively. Two isolates had additional Aorf3 insertion inside of Aorf477-AmucA sequence. Insertion sequence IS903 (intact or deleted) was detected downstream of bla_CTX-M-14 gene. Unlike the others, bla_CTX-M-2 and bla_CTX-M-9 genes were located inside of IS CR1 mobile element, downstream of class 1 integron and orf513 sequence.

Beauveria feline No. 7 strain was isolated from the shrewmouse wool and characterized by production of a complex of destruxins cyclodepsipeptides. The strain was shown to produce significant quatities of destruxin B and pseudodestruxin C. The destruxins were found to be able to inhibit formation of biofifms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27833.

High in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Ingavirin® against the Mexican pandemic influenza virus A/H1N1/2009, strains A/California/ 04/2009 (H1N1) and A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) vs. the reference drug Arbidol® was studied and verified when used therapeutically and prophylactically.

The efficacy of levofloxacin and moxyfloxacin vs. the previously tested fluoroquinolones was studied on albino mice with experimental plague due to the Nal^r mutants of Yersinia pestis 231 and 231 FI^-. The plague microbe mutants resistant to nalidixic acid (Nal^r) generated at a frequency of 10'¹⁰-10'⁹. The resistance to nalidixic acid was not accompanied by the strains loss of the virulence. The Nal^r mutants were cross resistant to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, moxyfloxacin). The LD₅₀ for the nontreated animals did not differ from that for the mice treated with nalidixic acid and the fluoroquinolones (when the animals were infected with Nal^r mutants). The results showed that the criteria of the plague microbe susceptibility/resistance to fluoroquinolones should be revised.

The influence of the main antituberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol) on in vitro apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was researched. It was shown that all the investigated drugs induced apoptotic death of the lymphocytes in vitro, that could result in disturbance of antigen-specific response formation in pulmonary tuberculosis.

Development of secondary immune dysbalance in patients with polytrauma complicated by urinary tract infection (acute pyelonephritis) was observed. In such cases bacterial complications were highly possible, that required the use of immunotropic drugs (cycloferon) increasing the host nonspecific resistance, responsible for Th1 immune response. The cycloferon therapy of the patients with chronic pyelonephritis normalized the lymphocyte electrophoretic mobility promoting efficient recovery of the immune homeostasis. Cycloferon was shown to be effective in the prophylaxis and therapy of infective inflammation in the patients with polytrauma, that was evident of the antibacterial therapy efficacy increasing and more rapid healing of the infective inflammation.

The authors' findings and literature data on the pharmacotherapeut efficacy of cycloferon, an interferon inductor (immunomodulators) are described. The drug effect in the treatment of various socially significant children' diseases, including acute respiratory tract viral infection, bronchial asthma, allergic conditions with infection protection disturbances, mycoplasmic infection, bronchopulmonary complications of acute respiratory tract viral infection with low intensity of free radical oxidation is indicated. The use of cycloferon at the background of vaccination was shown to provide inhibition of the autoimmune processes causing postvaccinal complications in frequently ill children. The results of the use of cycloferon in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract and intestinal infections of both the viral and bacterial genesis are discussed. Cycferon is recommended to be used for correction of the intestine dysbiosis (the microflora level came to normal in 95% of the children). The use of the drug in surgical pathology and in particular in appendicular peritonitis for decreasing the postoperative complications and correction of the immune disturbances due to chronic viral hepatitis C and B in children under the complex therapy is described. The cycloferon safety and efficacy were confirmed by the postmarketing randomized trials.