Addition of perfluorodecalin with gas-transporting function to the liquid medium during submerged cultivation of actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces resulted in higher intensity and level of the biomass synthesis and increased production of streptomycin and daunorubicin. Addition of perfluorodecalin to the medium provided a 2.0-2.3-fold surpass of the maximum antibiotic production (achieved by the 120^th-144^th hours of the culture growth) vs. the antibiotic accumulation peaks in the control.

Nosocomial infections and their rational antibiotic treatment represent a major challenge for the healthcare nowadays. In this context, gramnegative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii and Enterobacteriaceae spp. are etiologically important and characterized by a significant level of antibiotic resistance. To examine dynamics of the respiratory tract colonization by hospital flora, tracheal aspirates obtained at three time points from 69 children with severe craniocerebral trauma during their stay in ICU were analysed. Colonization was observed on the 4^th day of the ICU stay with predomination of K.pneumoniae (45%) and A.baumanii (27-37%). P.aeruginosa was detected after the 8^th day of the ICU stay with the isolation rate of 33%. Substantial proportions of P.aeruginosa (61%), A.baumanii (78%) and K.pneumoniae (25%) were resistant to carbapenems. In 65 carbapemen resistant isolates, the presence of carbapenemases was examined using PCRs. OXA-48 carbapenemase was detected in 11 out of 14 (78%) K.pneumoniae isolates. Among the A.baumanii isolates, 30/31 (97%) carried OXA-40 and 1/31 (3%) had OXA-23 carbapenemases. None of the examined A.baumanii and K.pneumoniae isolates produced metallo-betalactamases (MBL). In contrast, all 20 car-bapenem resistant P.aeruginosa isolates produced a MBL, and in 12 out of 20 (60%) of theme VIM-2 was detected. Thus, gramnegative nosocomial microflora rapidly colonizes ICU patients and has a high level of resistance to antibiotics, including carbapenems.

Rengalin liquid formulation on the basis of antibodies to bradlkinin histamine and morphine was specially designed for the treatment of cough in children. The three-component combination in therapeutically active against both dry and wet cough due to effect on diverse pathogenetic aspects of the cough reflex. The aim of the multicenter, comparative, randomized clinical trial was to estimate the efficacy and safety of rengalin in the treatment of cough in patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) of the upper respiratory tract. Methods. One hundred forty six patients at the age of 3 to 17 years (the average age of 8.2+3.6 years) from 14 medical centres of Russia were observed. The patients sufferedfrom dry/nonproductive, frequent, sore cough preventing from day-time activity and/or night sleep (>4 by the Cough Severity Scale). The cough duration ranged from 12 hours to 3 days. For 3 days the patients of group 1 (n=71) and group 2 (n=75) were treated with rengalin and sinekod (butamirate) respectively. For the following 4 days the patients (in case of viscid expectoration were treated with ambroxole in the age doses. The results of the Per Protokol Analysis (n=67 rengalin group and n=73 sinekod group) with an account of the Non-Infectiority Design are presented. Results. In 3 days the number of the group 1 patients with significant improvement/recovery by the day and night estimates amounted to 90% and 88% respectively (vs. 81% and 88% in the group 2 patients, no night opisodes of cough after 3-days rengalin use being recorded in 52% of the patients vs. 34% in the sinekod group patients (p=0.0003). On the 7^th day of the treatment with rengalin the number of the children with significant improvement of or recovery from day-time cought amounted to 99%and that of the patients with significant improvement of or recovery from night-time cough amounted to 93%, in 90% of them no night-time cough being recorded (p=0.0008). As for the patients of the reference group, the respective values were 93% and 90%, no night-time cough being recorded in 81% of the patients. The time required for development of productive/moist cough during the 3-day treatment course in the patients of both the group was the same (2.9+0.3 days in the patients of group 1 and 2.9+0.4 days in the group 2 patients. Moreover, in 34% of the rengalin dry cough became residual (as rare episode of tussiculation with scantly exudation). After 3-day course of the rengalin therapy, 66% of the patients was treated with ambroxole (versus 95% in sinecod group (p<0.0001) based on comparative analysis and χ²=17.7, p>0.0001 by the results of the frequency analysis). The total duration of cough in the patients of groups 1 and 2 was 6.5±0.8 and 6.7±0.7 days respectively (the comparability truth, p=0.0001). The severity of the day-time cough by the area under the curve estimates for 7 days of the treatment in the rengalin group patients was equel to 14.3+5.6 numbers - days and that of the patients of the sinekod® group was equal to 15.9±6.1 numbers - days. The severity of the night-time cough was equal to 4.2+2.7 number - days respectively. In 2 patients (3%) treated with sinekod® signs of ARI generalization was observed after the 3-day treatment (p>0.0001). The research physicians-investigators (CGI-EL Scale) the combination of the anti- and protussive activities in one drug to be efficient and absolutely safe for the chilgren. The therapeutic efficacy in the patients of the rengalin group was higher in 3 days (2.1±0.5 numbers) and even in 7 days (2.7±0.5 numbers). The results value in the patients of the sinekod® group being 1.8±0.4 and 2.5±0.6 numbers (one-way ANOVA for repeated estimates ANOVA: Visit - F_1/138=146, p<0.0001, TREATMENT - F_1/138=9.0, p=0.003). The factor of the side effects in the patients of the rengalin group was zero (no side effects due to the treatment were recorded in the patients), whereas in the patients treated with sinekod® for 3 days the respective value was 0.1+0.3 (true superiority of rengalin by the ANOVA data. TREATMENT - F_1/138=4.7, p=0.03). The efficacy factor of the rengalin was also in its favour (ANOVA: Visit - F_1/138=182, p<0.0001, TREATMENT - F_1/138=7.3, p=0.008). In the patients treated with rengalin there were defected no deviations in the biochemical and general clinical analyses of blood and urine, no adverse reactions characteristic of antitussive drugs of the action. 100-percent adherence to the therapy was stated. Conclusion. He antitussive effect of rengalin in the treatment of frequent dry day-time and night-time cough was observed earlier and proved to be comparable with that of butamirate (sinekod®). Rengalin prevented significant exudation and viscid expectoration in many patients, promoted rapid residual in the patients with dry cough and the patients recovery. The use of rengalin for 3 days significantly lowered the percentage of the patients requiring treatment with mucolytics at the subsequent stages of ARI.

The efficiency of immunomodulating therapy with cycloferon in children aged from 10 to 16 years with verified chronic gastroduodenitis was estimated. It was shown that the cycloferon treatment provided reliable increase of T- and B-cellular populations in mucous membranes of the stomach and duodenum, normalization of the number of CD8-lymphocytes, higher titers of IgG antibodies to herpes viruses 1 and 2. It also promoted reduction of inflammation in the mucous membranes along with reduction of the disease clinical signs.

One hundred forty patients (the average age of 46.7±7.7 years) with hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) were observed. 74 patients of the main group received Cytoflavin® in a dose of 2 tablets twise a day in the standard basic therapy. 66 patients of the reference group received the basic therapy alone. The arterial endothelium function was estimated and ultrasonic examination of the hemodynamics at five structurally functional levels of the cerebral vascular course was used. All the patients with HE had endothelial dysfunction, bloodstream depression in the arterial course of the brain vascular system, decreased reactivity of the intracranial veins, difficulty in venous outflow. In the course of the therapy with Cytoflavin® restoration of the arterial endothelial function in the patients with HE I stage, the linear and volume speed of bloodstream in the main and intracranial cerebral arteries in the patients with HE I-II stages, restoration of the intracranial veins reactivity, the linear speed of bloodstream in intracranial veins in the patients with all three stages of HE, the linear speed of bloodstream in the main veins up to the control values in the patients with I-III stages of HE were observed. Interrelation between the values of the cerebral hemodynamics and the state of the endothelium function was shown.

Molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) for macrolides, aminoglycosides and some other biosynthetic antibiotics described in the literature were analysed with a purpose of evaluating their possible use for the antibiotics sorption.

The data on the antiviral action of the Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa, Agaricus brasiliensis and other basidiomycetes metabolites are summurized. The metabolites of these species of basidiomycetes exhibit a direct antiviral effect on herpes simplex virus types I and II, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, influenza virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and others. Moreover, metabolites of basidiomycetes increased antiviral immunity.