Studies have been carried out in the field of long-term storage of actinomycetes, representatives of the genus Streptomyces , at low temperatures (-70°C). It has been established that a high level of viability of the studied cultures of actinomycetes is maintained for 3 years the stability of the morphological characteristics of these cultures and the preservation of antibiotic activity against test microorganisms during the entire storage period are noted. Spores of streptomycetes retain a high level of viability, both with and without 10% glycerol solution as a cryoprotector. The effectiveness of spore preservation of genus Streptomyces actinomycetes by the method of low-temperature freezing is shown.

The article presents the results of a study of the clinical efficacy of Riamylovir (Triazavirinтм) in the treatment of adult patients with influenza and ARVI, taking into account the treatment time of patients from the onset of the disease and hospitalization in an infectious hospital. A statistically significant reduction in the time of observation of the symptoms of febrile-intoxication and catarrhal-respiratory syndromes in patients with influenza and ARVI was demonstrated both in the first 24-72 hours from the onset of the disease and in the 2nd week. The possibility of using Riamylovir in preventing the development of typical complications of ARVI has been shown.

The generalized assessment of cycloferon immunologic modulator efficacy was carried out to estimate its' therapeutic potency as an adjuvant as a part of basic therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. Heterogeneity of comparison groups and variability of therapeutic response indicators was taken into account. Nine publications formed the basis of the systematic overview and meta-analysis after being extracted from an array of scientific literary data (531 scientific publications on clinical performance of cycloferon drug). The values of the formalized indicators of cycloferon clinical efficacy (increase in absolute and relative benefits, odds ratio, NNT, etc.) were calculated. Efficacy parameters varied in different randomized clinical trials, but this variability was leveled by uniform design and symmetry of the comparison groups to allow the results interpretation as a reflection of real clinical practice. It is shown that the use of cycloferon to enhance immunogenesis in pharmacotherapy of tuberculosis increases rapid recovery rate by more than 2.7 times and decreases the likelihood of adverse effects.

Objective: to study effectiveness of remaxol inclusion in pathogenetic therapy scheme for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infection in combination with Chronic hepatitis C against the background of alcohol- and drug-related liver damage. Material and methods: 132 case histories of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infection, occurring against the background of liver pathology of various origins, were analyzed. Depending on its type and treatment regimen, the patients were divided into the following groups and subgroups: the main group (received Remaxol in the therapy scheme - 400 ml intravenously 1 time per day for 10 days) and control (without maintenance therapy). The first group included patients with concomitant drug-related liver damage, the second - with chronic hepatitis C, the third - with alcohol-related liver damage, and the fourth - with chronic hepatitis C and chronic alcohol intoxication. All patients were examined over time - before the start of the therapy and within 2 weeks after it began: in addition to general blood test, the level of total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase was studied. Results: The inclusion of Remaxol in the treatment regimen of patients contributed to more rapid relief of dyspeptic disorders and pain, as well as decrease in cytolysis rates. Conclusion: The use of hepatoprotector Remaxol in complex treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infection with concomitant chronic hepatitis C on the background of alcohol- and drug-related liver damage contributes to improvement of the functional state of liver and, as a result, increases the effectiveness of treatment.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most frequent acute infectious diseases in developed countries. Particular attention should be given to severe CAP, characterized by high mortality, high frequency of ineffectiveness of initial antibiotic therapy and treatment costs. The spread of pneumococcal isolates with reduced susceptibility to penicillin, III generation cephalosporins, macrolides, the risk of increasing the incidence of diseases caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), led to a significant increase in interest in new antimicrobials (AMM) in CAP therapy. The review presents current data on the epidemiology and etiology of severe CAP (including trends in the antibiotic resistance of the main bacterial pathogens in the Russian Federation), outlines the basic principles of antibiotic therapy. The features of the activity spectrum, pharmacological characteristics, the results of clinical studies of the most promising antimicrobials - ceftaroline, solithromycin, new quinolones (dalafloxacin, nonmonoxacin, etc.), and omadacycline, are considered.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the frequency of antibiotic-resistant pathogens of community-acquired respiratory infections, especially pneumococcus, in most regions of the world, including Russia. This requires a review of recommendations on the use of antibiotics in the treatment of infections in outpatient practice. In 2017, two fundamental documents on the rational use of antibiotics in outpatient practice were issued: Eurasian Clinical Guidelines (document available at www.antimi-crob.net) and the 20^th WHO Essential Medicines List with recommendations on the choice of antibiotics for community-acquired infections. The opinions of the experts in these two documents almost completely coincided with the main provisions of rational antibiotic therapy. 5 key provisions of these documents are as follows. 1. In the recommendations for antibiotic therapy, antibiotics are divided into three lines or groups by administration priority. 2. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic of the 1st line of therapy in the treatment of all acute infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract. 3. Macrolides should be considered as antibiotics of the 2nd line of therapy (or the second group) for respiratory infections; their use is justified only when it is impossible to use penicillins; Azithromycin is not recommended for the treatment of respiratory infections due to environmental hazards and the risk of car-diotoxicity. 4. Fluoroquinolones are reserve antibiotics and are not recommended for the treatment of acute uncomplicated infections in outpatient practice. 5. The antibiotic must be of adequate quality and in optimal dosage form; WHO and UNICEF experts recommend the use of antibiotics in the most optimal form - in the form of dispersible tablets, which increases the safety of treatment and patient adherence to medical recommendations.

This review provides information on the effects of sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) derived from algae on the components of the metabolic syndrome (obesity, lipid metabolism, type 2 diabetes, hypertension) and the possibility of correcting disorders associated with this condition, as well as socially significant diseases associated with it. There are few studies of the effectiveness of these compounds conducted in a clinical setting, although in terms of their pharmacological action (antidyslipidemic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, etc.) they are comparable with medications (with statins, in particular), as for health safety, they are most commonly superior to those medications. The authors draw attention to the fact that seaweed-derived SPS can be the basis for the creation of medications, dietary supplements, as well as functional foods for patients with metabolic syndrome.

A new inhibitor-protected beta-lactam antibiotic has been registered in Russia, a fixed combination of antistreptococcal cephalosporin III, cefotaxime and inhibitor of beta-lactamase sulbactam in a 2:1 ratio. The antimicrobial spectrum of cefotaxime/sulbactam combines the high activity of protected aminopenicillins against gram-positive bacteria and the high activity of protected cephalosporins against enterobacteria. Fur thermore due to the addition of sulbactam, cefotaxime/sulbactam's antimicrobial activity spectrum also includes one of the leading infectious agents in the ICU - Acinetobacter baumannii. Adding sulbactam to cefotaxime leads to a two-fold decrease in the IPC₅₀ of E.coli and K.pneumoniae, and even more pronounced decrease in P.mirabilis. The frequency of resistant strains of K.pneumoniae, E.cloaceae, S.marcescens, and A.baumannii significantly (3-10 times) decreases when combining cefotaxime with sulbactam in a 2:1 ratio compared to cefotaxime without an inhibitor. The high activity of cefotaxime/sulbactam against K.pneumoniae strains producing BLRS and resistant to imipenem A.baumannii is of high clinical significance for the treatment of nosocomial infections. High efficacy of cefotaxime/sulbactam in adults and children in the treatment of pneumonia, peritonitis, urinary tract infections, as well as skin and soft tissues has been shown in 4 clinical studies conducted in Russia and other countries. In accordance with the clinical guidelines of Antimicrobial Therapy Control Strategy, cefotaxime/sulbactam combination is recommended for patients of type II (community-acquired infections with risk of ESBL) and type IIIa (nosocomial infections without the risk of P.aeruginosa and carbapenemases). For moderately severe infections, cefotaxime/sulbactam combination is prescribed in a dose of 1.5 g (1+0.5 g) every 8-12 hours; in severe infections, the dose may be increased to 3 g (2+1 g) every 6 hours. Cefotaxime/sulbactam can be administered intravenously as a bolus, or as a 60-minute infusion. Infusion is preferred because it increases the likelihood of achieving the desired effect, given the time-dependent nature of the antimicrobial action of beta-lactam antibiotics.

The Issue of optimizing the dosage regimens of antibacterial medications is particularly important due to the high relevance of the problem of antibiotic resistance, as well as the limited development of new antibiotics for outpatient practice. The article discusses the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate for oral administration; the authors propose to optimize the use of these antibiotics by using them in the dosage form of dispersible tablets under the trademark Solutab®. This dosage form has higher bioavailability of active substances, which can be compared to injectable preparations, as opposed to traditional dosage forms such as film-coated capsules and tablets. The optimized pharmacokinetic profile of these medications can contribute to higher clinical efficacy and tolerability of antibiotic therapy, as well as reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance. A review of the results of clinical studies confirming the higher efficacy and favorable safety profile of antibiotics in this dosage form in both adults and children in the treatment of respiratory infections is presented. The use of amoxicillin in dispersible tablets has demonstrated higher efficacy in the treatment of acute streptococcal tonsillitis. A more pronounced dynamics of resolving the clinical symptoms of acute bacterial sinusitis was noted when using amoxicillin/clavulanate in the form of dispersible tablets, as well as a lower incidence of adverse effects, including in the gastrointestinal tract, compared with film-coated tablets. Dispersible tablets are convenient because they can be dispersed in water and administered as a suspension, which is especially important in patients with dysphagia, as well as in children and the elderly, who find it difficult to swallow the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis has demonstrated pharmacoeconomic advantages compared with other solid oral dosage forms. Thus, the use of antibiotics in dispersible tablets can help increase the effectiveness, tolerability, and convenience of the therapy, reduce the cost of treatment, as well as slow down the growth of antibiotic resistance.

The problem of differential diagnosis of a bacterial infection and an active rheumatic process still retains its relevance in modern rheumatology. It is very important to search for a biomarker - the gold standard for diagnosis of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases (RD) in order to quickly determine the treatment tactics. This review analyzes the diagnostic significance and the possibility of using the procalcitonin test (PCT) for the diagnosis of bacterial infections in modern rheumatology. When interpreting PCT values, it is necessary to take into account the specific rheumatic nosology, as well as the full range of clinical, laboratory, and instrumental data.