The effects of extracts from the mycelium of Lecanicilium lecanii No.169, Beauveria fellina No.7 and Beauveria bassiana No.15 on the activity of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) recovered from rat reticulocytes was investigated. The activity of 15-LO was determined by oxidation of linolic acid. The extract from the mycelium of the fungal complex was shown to inhibit 15-LO (IC₅₀ of 12 mcg/ml). The inhibitory effect of the combined extract on 15-LO was due to the substances recovered from Lecanicilium lecanii No.169. The extract fractions responsible for the activity were determined and the compounds containing the fractions were identified. They proved to be 10 - 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and genistein, a flavonoid from fraction 11. The possible role of the inhibitory effect of the compounds on 15-LO in the antiatherosclerotic activity of the fungal extract is discussed.

The effect of sulfated polysaccharides (PS) from brown alga Fucus evanescens and their enzymatic transformation and low molecular weight product on the functional activity of the innate immunity cells, i.e. polymorphonuclear leukocytes of human peripheral blood (NF) was comparatively studied. The in vitro NF contact with PS resulted in significant changes in the functional activity of NF, evident from higher density of molecules CD69, CD14, CD11b on the cell membranes with simultaneous lowering of that of CD62L and increased phagocytic and bactericidal activity of NF. The low molecular weight product resulting from fucoidan transformation with fucoidanases showed a higher effect on the level of the molecules CD14, CD11b and CD62L expression vs. the high molecular weight PS.

Rifapentine belongs to the most potent antituberculosis drugs. Nevertheless, there are some limitations for its clinical use because of the low aqueous solubility and side effects. A technological approach to development of rifapentine intravenous formulation based on human serum albumin was described earlier and its efficacy against experimental tuberculosis was estimated. Toxicological evaluation of that water-compatible form of rifapentine revealed its low acute toxicity (LD₅₀ 340 mg/kg). Chronic toxicity tests of both the oral substance and the injectable formulation of rifapentine demonstrated similar adverse effects. However, in contrast to the conventional oral formulations, the intravenous formulation of rifapentine had no gastrointestinal toxic effects or cardiotoxicity, thus suggesting its usefulness for clinical application.

Klebsiella pneumoniae Is a significant pathogen associated with hospital infections. Its was isolated in intensive care units (ICU) at two pediatric hospitals in Moscow in 2012-2014 from 41% (387/935) of the patients. The rate of carbapenem-nonsusceptibility (Carba-NS) amounted to 25% for imipenem and 27% for meropenem. For further analyses, 67 isolates were selected, including 57 Carba-NS and 10 Carba-susceptible (Carba-S). Among the isolates, 100% was nonsusceptible to the III-IV generation cephalosporins, 50-84% was resistant to aminoglycosides. The rate of nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin and phosphomycin exceeded 90%. All the tested Carba-S K.pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, whereas 25% of the Carba-NS isolates was tigecycline-NS. The prevalence of the colistin-NS isolates was the same in Carba-S (20%) and Carba-NS (26%) bacteria. The bla_{CTX_M} gene was carried by 100% of the Carba-S isolates, combining with the bla_TEM gene in 60% of the isolates. In 89% of the Carba-NS isolates the OXA-48 carbapenemase was detected, which was combined with CTX-M and/or TEM in all but 1 isolate. Thus, over the last decade, the rate of Carba-NS among nosocomial K.pneumoniae increased and the OXA-48 carbapenemase was shown to be dominating in the mechanism of Carba-NS in the pediatric ICUs in Moscow.

High resistance of enterococci to the currently used antibacterials, such as tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin was observed. Streptomycin, gentamicin and vancomycin showed the highest activity against the clinical isolates of Enterococcus spp. Streptomycin and gentamicin showed the highest activity against the intestinal enterococci. The PCR revealed the presence of the genetic determinants of resistance to aminoglycosides, glycopeptides and tetracycline in the isolates. The comparison of the results of the bacteriological and genetic tests provided detection of fecal and clinical isolates of Enterococcus spp. possessing the genes of resistance to aminoglycosides and glycopeptides, still without the finally developed significant clinical resistance to the above antibacterials.

The review concerns discussion of certain aspects of growth and development of streptomycetes, that have an adaptation meaning for their existence under natural conditions and reflect our perception of them as procaryotes which have a range of qualities typical of multicellular organisms. At present, the concept of multicellularity is the key idea in investigation of growth processes, differentiation and physiology of streptomycetes. Streptomyces olivocinereus is presented as an effective model that gives the unique opportunities for investigation of different aspects of biology of streptomycetes within laboratory environment as well as in natural environment in suti. S.olivocinereus produces luminescent antibiotic geliomycin (resistomycin). In this review we summarized the results of the many years of investigation of growth, differentiation and behavior of this streptomycete. The investigations were undertaken by a group of scientists of the Moscow State University. The results can be employed as arguments for the multicellular nature of streptomycetes.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the major healthcare problems globally. Pneumococcal disease is the leading cause of deaths among vaccine preventable diseases in children and adults. Plain polysaccharide vaccine PPSV-23 and conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine PCV-13 are widely used to prevent pneumococcal disease and CAP in adults without immunosuppression. The review concerns the results of trials and meta-analysis of PPSV-23 and PCV-13 effectiveness in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and CAP prevention in immunocompetent adults. More and more expert immunization committees in different countries are taking into consideration uncertain effectiveness of PPSV-23 in CAP prevention in immunocompetent adults, and recommend the PCV-13 priority use for mass immunization campaigns in high-risk groups and elder population. Since the Russian Federation has started the PCV-13 vaccination campaign for early childhood only at the end of 2014, the anticipated serotype replacement should not be taken into consideration at the moment across all the age groups, and therefore the risk and age based approach to adult vaccination should be used with the PCV-13 priority.