Background. Currently, the scientific search for alternative materials and methods for combating pathogens of infectious diseases is an important area of research. Carbon materials are one of the promising types of materials exhibiting antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The aim of the study is to investigate the antibacterial properties of modified carbon sorbents and initial modifiers in relation to some types of pathogenic microorganisms. The objects of the study were carbon sorbent samples before and after modification with biologically active substances with antibacterial properties: salicylic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, tributyrin. The samples of carbon sorbents under study were obtained at the Center of New Chem- ical Technologies BIC. The following strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were used as experimental models: Staphylococcus aureus АТСС 25923; Pseudomonas aeruginosa АТСС 27853; Klebsiella pneumoniae 418; Esherichia coli АТСС 25922. Results. The highest sensitivity of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was established for a carbon sor- bent modified with tributyrin. The absence of growth of the studied test strains of microorganisms was observed after 2 hours of incubation of the «sample-microorganism» mixture.

Background. Basidiomycetes have high biosynthetic capabilities. Their metabolites are capable of exhibiting antimicrobial properties, thereby being promising molecules for use in medicine or for further chemical transformation. The aim of the work. Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of culture liquid of basidiomycetes from the orders Agaricales and Polyporales, selection of active strains for further research. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were 10 strains of 10 basidiomycetes species from the orders Agaricales and Polyporales. Filtrates of culture liquids obtained as a result of submerged cultivation of fungi, their ethyl acetate extracts and post-extraction liquids were tested. The culture liquid of Fomitopsis betulina was also extracted with chloroform and butanol. Antibacterial and antifungal effects were studied by diffusion from wells into agar. Results. All the studied strains of basidiomycetes showed antibacterial activity. The highest activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was observed in strains of 3 species from the order Polyporales: Fomes fomentarius, F. betulina and F. pinicola. Antifungal activity was shown by 6 out of 10 studied cultures of basidiomycetes. The comparative series of extractants compiled by their effectiveness (ethyl acetate > butanol > chloroform) testified to the advantage of using polar solvents to extract antimicrobial metabolites of F. betulina from the its culture liquid. Conclusion. Three promising strains of basidiomycetes — producers of antimicrobial metabolites were selected.
Among the studied species, representatives of the order Polyporales showed the greatest activity. Polar solvents extracted antimicrobial metabolites of F. betulina from its culture liquid more efficiently than non-polar chloroform. The obtained results demonstrate the ability of basidiomycetes to produce metabolites with antimicrobial properties. It is noted that species of the order Polyporales are more active than representatives of Agaricales.

Background. Bacterial films are a marker of chronic recurrent infections. Biofilms on mucous membranes block the inflammatory response of the macroorganism, suppressing the activity of immunocytes, and thereby allow microorganisms to reach high concentrations. Currently, research is being conducted to find medications that can act on biofilms. Enzymes, especially their complexes, are substances that can destroy bacterial films. Objective. Еo determine in vitro the sensitivity of bacterial biofilms formed by vaginal microorganisms to the complex of enzymes included in Wobenzym. Materials and methods. The study included 72 clinical isolates of pure microorganism cultures isolated from the vaginal biotope: Gardnerella vaginalis (3), Enterococcus faecalis (9), Escherichia coli (18), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15), Klebsiella aerogenes (3), Lactobacillus crispatus (3), Streptococcus pyogenes (3), Acinetobacter baumanii (3), Staphylococcus aureus (3), Candida albicans (3), Enterococcus faecium (3), Streptococcus agalactiae (3), Lactobacillus acidophilus (3). Bacterial biofilm formation was determined in polystyrene flat-bottom plates using a modified method of Christensen et al. (1985). The tablet form of Wobenzym was used in the study. The tablet shell was washed with saline, the tablet itself was dissolved in 10 ml of 0.9% NaCl and used for in vitro studies. The result was determined using a reader on a spectrophotometer to determine the optical density (OD) of the formed biofilm. It was believed that the drug acted on the bacterial film, reducing the OD by more than three times. Results. An in vitro study revealed clinical isolates of bacteria that formed biofilms of varying severity. Of the 72 clinical bacterial isolates, 38 formed biofilms. A pronounced effect of the complex of enzymes included in Wobenzym on biofilms formed by microorganisms such as A. baumanii, S. aureus, G. vaginalis and E. faecalis was noted. Conclusion. Wobenzym has an effective destructive effect on biofilms formed by various microorganisms, including G. vaginalis, common causative agents of bacterial vaginosis, as well as staphylococci and enterococci, causative agents of aerobic (nonspecific) vaginitis. Conclusion. The drug Wobenzym has an effective destructive effect on biofilms formed by various microorganisms, including Gardnerella vaginalis, common causative agents of bacterial vaginosis, as well as staphylococci and enterococci, causative agents of aerobic (nonspecific vaginitis).

Background. The cytoskeletal protein β-tubulin class III (Tubb3) is associated with tumor resistance to taxanes and vinca alkaloids, as well as with the metastatic potential of neoplasm, however, data from immunohistochemical analysis of Tubb3 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue are few and contradictory. Purpose. Characterization of the level and intensity of Tubb3 expression in NSCLC tissue and analysis of the identified parameters correlation with clinically significant characteristics of the disease. Methods. Quantitative assessment of the level and intensity of Tubb3 expression in 120 surgical samples of NSCLC was carried out by immunofluorescence method associated with flow cytometry. Primary rabbit monoclonal antibodies specific to Tubb3 and secondary anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with fluorescent dye DyLight650 (ab98510, UK) were used. The expression of the marker was assessed by two parameters: the level of expression measured as the percentage of the cells expressing Tubb3 and the intensity of expression in conventional units (CU) represented as the ratio of the geometric mean fluorescence intensity in the experimental and control samples (cells incubated with secondary antibodies only). Results. 1. Tubb3 expression was detected in all NSCLC samples studied. The median level and intensity of Tubb3 expression was 30.5% and 2.0 CU with significant differences (up to 10 times) in the quantitative values of both parameters in different patients. 2. The distribution of the studied tumors in terms of the level and intensity of Tubb3 expression differs from normal (P<0.001), the associative relationship between the assessed parameters is very strong (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was 0.91; P<0.0001). 3. Statistical analysis did not reveal correlations between the level of Tubb3 expression and the gender and smoking status of the patients, with the degree of tumor differentiation, as well as with the stage of NSCLC. 4. In the group of lung adenocarcinomas, the median level of Tubb3 expression is higher compared with squamous cell lung cancer in male and female patients (P=0.01). Conclusion. High heterogeneity of Tubb3 expression level in NSCLC tissue in the patients and differences in the parameters between the tumors of various histotypes indicate the importance of further correlation analysis of Tubb3 expression level with the patients' life span in order to identify the prognostic value of the marker.

Aim. Justification of the optimal dosage regimen regarding the efficacy and safety of Eladis®, film-coated tablets, 10 mg (Valenta Pharm JSC, Russia) in comparison with placebo in patients with non-productive cough due to acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI). Material and methods. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized multicenter study was conducted in which 141 patients with non-productive cough on the background of acute respiratory viral infection took part. The study participants were randomized into 4 groups. Patients from the first group took 1 tablet of Eladis® 2 times a day (daily dose of 20 mg); patients from the second group took 2 tablets of Eladis® 2 times a day (daily dose of 40 mg); patients from the third group took 4 tablets of Eladis® 2 times a day (daily dose of 80 mg). Patients in the fourth group received placebo tablets in quantities corresponding to the first three groups. For this purpose, 3 subgroups of 12 people were allocated within group 4. The duration of therapy was 7–14 days. The effectiveness of therapy was assessed based on monitoring the frequency of cough attacks, changes in values on the day and night cough scales, a digital rating scale (DRS), and the time to achieve clinical cure of cough and ARVI symptoms was also taken into account. The safety of the studied drug was assessed based on monitoring of vital signs, laboratory parameters, and electrocardiogram (ECG) data. The number and severity of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) were assessed. Results. Analysis of data on the primary endpoint (reduction of cough attack frequency by ;)50% by the 5th day relative to the 1st visit) showed the superiority of Eladis® over placebo at a daily dose of 80 mg (P=0.00003). At the same time, the proportion of patients who reached the primary endpoint by day 5 when receiving Eladis® at a dose of 80 mg per day was 71.43%, while in the combined placebo group it was 22.22%. Conclusion. Evaluation of various dosage regimens of Eladis® has shown that a daily dose of 80 mg is optimal for the treatment of non-productive cough in patients with ARVIs, as it provides the greatest effectiveness with a safety profile comparable to other studied doses.

The aim was to study the medical and social characteristics of patients with repeated myocardial infarction (MI), features of the course of the disease, as well as the degree of contribution of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (RFs) to its development, in order to optimize secondary prevention measures at the primary health care level. Material and methods. Part of the study was carried out on the basis of a retrospective analysis of the outpatient records of all patients registered at the dispensary who had suffered primary MI and recurrent MI. Clinical, laboratory, and instrumental studies were carried out. Results. The study population had both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, among which the most common were low levels of physical activity, excess body weight, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The study also revealed gender differences in the prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease, which must be taken into account when conducting secondary prevention at the outpatient stage. Clear correlations were revealed between RF, clinical, laboratory, hemodynamic, and morphological, as well as functional parameters in patients with recurrent MI. The most significant correlations in patients with recurrent MI were between the number of complications and the degree of systolic cardiac dysfunction, as well as lipid metabolism disorders. Effective management of patients who have had an MI on an outpatient basis will reduce the risks of recurrent cardiovascular complications and will positively affect the long-term prognosis and clinical endpoints of MI.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections acquired in psychiatric hospitals. The aim of this study was to analyze the change in antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and their concentrations in patients at a specialized psychiatric hospital, which is necessary for the dynamic analysis of antibiotic resistance and to prevent its future development. The authors retrospectively analyzed 144 outcomes (34 men and 110 women) with an identified UTI, the causative pathogens of which were E. coli (N=82) and a representative of the gram-positive flora, S. aureus (N=62). The results suggest that antibiotic resistance of UTI pathogens may have a negative trend on the prevalence of resistant strains. Ciprofloxacin was the most active antibiotic against UTIs caused by E. coli. S. aureus is more resistant to antibiotics and has a greater predisposition to fixation in the urinary tract due to the creation of biofilms.

Nutritional corrective support is an integral component of rehabilitation programs in the perioperative period for oncological pathology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of including remaxol in the rehabilitation treatment regimen for gastroenterological cancer patients. Material and methods. The treatment results of 42 patients with gastric outlet tumors and small intestine tumors were retrospectively analyzed. Remaxol was included in the adjuvant therapy for patients in the main (I, N=22) group: intravenously 400 ml at a rate of 40–80 drops/min (2–4 ml/min) once a day for 10 days. Patients in the comparison group (II, N= 20) received traditional nutritional therapy. The study used both traditional clinical diagnostic methods and methods for assessing the risks of nutritional deficiency and the rehabilitation potential of the body, its adaptive capabilities, and disease prognosis. Results. All patients showed signs of severe nutritional deficiency, endotoxemia, intoxication, and hepatotoxicity. Liver detoxification parameters were better in patients who received remaxol as an adjuvant therapy than in the comparison group. Conclusions. Cancer patients with a high nutritional risk and moderate to high nutritional deficiency are at a higher risk of developing toxic complications requiring adjuvant therapy. The inclusion of remaxol in adjuvant therapy reduced the severity of hepatotoxic reactions in these patients. The data obtained made it possible to recommend its inclusion in treatment regimens for patients with this pathology.

The globalization of the problem of the formation of bacterial strains poly- and pan-resistant to known antimicrobial drugs creates high risks in the healthcare sector. The threat of a return to the «pre-antibiotic» era dictates the need to search for alternative forms of antibacterial therapy. Phage therapy, based on the use of a natural, widely distributed in the environment, accessible antimicrobial agent, is again becoming relevant. The article highlights the mechanisms of antiviral protection of prokaryotes at various stages of interaction between the virus and the target cell. Revealing the secrets of the confrontation between bacteria and viruses, their co-evolution is necessary to increase the effectiveness of phage therapy and develop modern means of overcoming bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.

The problem of infectious endocarditis (IE) still retains its importance due to high mortality rates and the development of severe complications. Modern IE is a polyethological disease, the occurrence and development of which can be caused by pathogens that make up an extremely extensive list, which is updated almost annually. At the same time, serious obstacles standing in the way of effective antimicrobial therapy are both the increasing resistance of IE pathogens to antibiotics and the increasing etiological role of infectious agents that were previously very rare. This article presents the basic principles of treatment and prevention of IE, taking into account the latest recommendations of the experts of the European Society of Cardiology in 2023.