The article describes the development of a new method for obtaining mycelium of the basidiomycete Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.:Fr.) Bond. Et Sing., immobilized on a matrix of bacterial cellulose. Mycelium of F.officinalis contains biologically active compounds, the most important of which is agaricic acid. The known methods for producing mycelium using surface solid-phase and submerged cultivation make it possible to obtain biomass of mycelium in an amount of 3.5 to 5 g/L of absolutely dry mass. Considering that F.officinalis is a xylotrophic macromycete, the use of cellulose as a food source can show higher productivity in the cultivation of mycelium in artificial biotechnological systems. The aim of the work was to obtain immobilized mycelium by co-cultivation of F.officinalis with the producer of bacterial cellulose Gluconacetobacter hansenii. The research established that with the co-cultivation of the basidial strain of F.officinalis with G.hansenii, the producer strain of bacterial cellulose, the productivity increases by 3.2 times on synthetic medium H5/1 and on the natural medium Maltax-10 (5% concentration) — by 1.9 times. The obtained immobilized mycelium of F.officinalis contains agaricic acid, the amount of which is 5.4—6.8%. The study of the structure of agaricic acid, isolated from the mycelium of the strain, was carried out by comparing the 13C NMR spectra with the spectra of a standard sample (Sigma cat). The results of the research confirmed the identity of the compounds.

The aim of the study was to investigate the antifungal activity of 4 new promising compounds of pyrazole-3-carboxamides containing silver ion in relation to clinical isolates of Candida spp. using the micromethod of two-fold serial dilution in liquid medium. The article presents the results of an in-depth study of these compounds with respect to the clinical strains of Candida albicans, a typical pathogen causing vulvovaginal candidiasis, as well as to less common non-albicans Candida spp. that are resistant to the most commonly used antimycotics. The compound showing high antifungal activity (MIC50 0.15 mcg/ml, MIC90 6.25 mcg/ml), which is recommended for further preclinical studies, has been identified.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a representative of the viruses of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae, it belongs to the zoonotic arbovirus infections transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. In humans, this flavivirus causes a disease known as zika fever, etymologically related to yellow fever, dengue, West Nile and Chikungunya viruses. There is no specific treatment for zika fever, just as there is no vaccine or preventive measures available to date. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of chemotherapy medications, interferon inducers and two classes of interferon α-, β-, and γ- showed that interferon drugs effectively inhibit the reproduction of Zika virus in Vero cell culture in a wide range of concentrations. Chemotherapy medications Triazavirin®, Virazole®, Zovirax®, Cytarabine®, and Ingavirin® did not affect the reproduction of Zika virus strain MR 766V in Vero cell culture. The size of negative Zika virus colonies was significantly reduced in the presence of Virazole® and Ribavirin® at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. zika virus, Triazavirin®, Ribavirin®, Ingavirin®, Reaferon-EU®, Rebif(fila)®, antiviral efficacy

The article presents current data on antibiotic resistance and etiology of acute upper respiratory tract infections (tonsillopharyngitis, rhinosinusitis, otitis media); it discusses the possibilities of clinical differentiation between the bacterial and viral etiology of these diseases, provides recommendations on diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy.

The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of cycloferon inclusion in the complex of treatment and rehabilitation measures for patients with fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis. In this regard, an analysis of 158 patients with fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis was performed. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the main group (54 patients), in addition to etiotropic therapy, received a complex of therapeutic and rehabilitation measures, including preparation of cycloferon administered according to a modified procedure at a dose of 0.25 g 2 times per week until the end of the intensive phase of the main treatment. The comparison group consisted of 104 patients who received etiotropic therapy and a complex of therapeutic and rehabilitation measures: vitamin therapy, physiotherapy, and psychological support. The effectiveness of etiotropic therapy was evaluated after the end of the intensive phase of the main course of treatment which lasted no more than 3 months, and 5 months in the presence of drug-resistant forms and other aggravating factors. It was revealed that the effectiveness of treatment in patients with fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis is determined not only by the etiology of the disease course, the duration of the main course of treatment, and the presence of a pathogen resistant to anti-tuberculosis drugs, but also by a number of factors that influence patient adherence to treatment in a complex way. Unfavorable outcomes of treatment of this form of the disease were observed in patients with chronic course of the disease (F6=0.89), caused by a multidrug-resistant agent (F8=0.65), and among those released from prison (F2=0.34). However, even short-term use of accompanying therapy with cycloferon allows increasing the effectiveness of treatment, improving the course of the process, including stopping the release of mycobacteria in 94.1% of patients with concomitant diseases. It is possible that the described effect of cycloferon as an accompanying therapy is based not only on its direct effect on patient's immunodeficiency, but also its indirect effect on the increase in adherence to treatment due to cessation of violations of the treatment regimen and other purely psychological factors that require further study.

Despite the evidence of the effectiveness of modern medicines, which are included in modern schemes of eradication therapy, against Helicobacter pylori, the problem of growth of microorganism resistance to them is relevant not only for various regions of the Russian Federation; it also has an international and even intercontinental spread. The article presents modern information on Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity, the prevalence and development mechanisms of its resistance to antibiotics widely used for eradication, the contradictions in the information on indications, duration of use, anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment regimens and dosage in modern clinical guidelines and instructions for medical use.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness, rationality, and safety of the use of antibacterial medications for the purpose of perioperative prophylaxis (POP) of infectious complications in patients of surgical departments in a multidisciplinary hospital.

Materials and methods. A pharmacoepidemiological analysis of 576 case histories of patients aged from 18 to 87 years old (average age was (̱σ) 57.4±14.5), of which 347 (60.2%) were male and 229 (39.8%) — female, after surgical interventions was carried out. The frequency and nature of infectious complications, the rationality of the choice of antibiotic therapy, the incidence of adverse reactions were analyzed. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the statistical analysis software package STATISTICA 10.0 (StatSoftInc., USA).

Results. The choice of POP schemes corresponded to the recommendations in 207 (35.9%) cases. A high level of non-compliance with the recommendations for perioperative prophylaxis (47.6%) and violations of the POP (76.2%) were revealed. The total number of cases of dosing regimens violation amounted to 225 (39.1%) cases. The frequency of infectious complications in the postoperative period was n=90 (15.6%). The study revealed the interrelationships of non-rational POP schemes with the length of stay in the ICU (p=0.003), violations of the antibiotic dosing regimens with the frequency of repeated surgical interventions associated with infection (p=0.001), the length of stay in the ICU (p=0.005), mortality rate (p=0.002), and isolation of multidrug-resistant strains (p=0.016). Renal impairment is an independent unfavorable predictor of the development of adverse reactions (p<0.0001), the development of infectious complications (p=0.006), the length of stay in the ICU (p=0.049), the length of hospitalization (p<0.001), and fatal outcome (p=0.003 ).

Conclusions. Patients of surgical profile in real clinical practice maintain a high level of non-compliance with recommendations for perioperative prophylaxis, violation of POP periods and violation of antibiotic dosing regimens, which negatively affects hospital indicators (increased mortality, length of stay in ICU, frequency of repeated surgical interventions associated with infection) and increases the risk of adverse reactions development.

The article presents the results of a multicenter study of the etiology, antibiotic sensitivity, and pharmacoepidemiology of infective endocarditis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current practice of prescribing antimicrobial therapy to patients with infective endocarditis in the Russian Federation. The study included patients of both sexes of all age groups with definite and possible infectious endocarditis. 406 cases of infective endocarditis were analyzed (240 in the retrospective part of the study and 166 in the prospective part). Aminoglycosides and parenteral cephalosporins of the third generation were most frequently prescribed at the beginning of antimicrobial therapy; glycopeptides, fluoroquinolones, aminopenicillins, and antistaphylococcal penicillins were prescribed less often. Glycopeptide, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and parenteral III generation cephalosporins prevailed after the change of antimicrobial therapy.

This article analyzes the latest requirements of the US and European regulatory authorities for the assessment of the activity of preparations containing human cell lines (biomedical cell product analogues); it gives a review of methods and approaches to the assessment of activity used by manufacturers at different stages of clinical studies and for already registered preparations for cell therapy. Based on the presented data, the basic principles and criteria for the selection of various methods for assessing activity, as well as the interpretation of the results obtained, are formulated. The information presented in the article can be useful both to the manufacturers of biomedical cellular products in the Russian Federation, and to the representatives of regulatory bodies in the process of quality examination.

Antibiotic resistance of bacteria that contaminate raw food products is currently one of the most acute public health problems. The widespread use of antibiotics for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes in veterinary medicine and as growth promoters for farm animals and poultry creates the conditions for selective pressure on bacterial populations, leading to their adaptation and dissemination of antibiotic- resistant strains of emergent foodborne pathogens, including bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. According to the WHO, campylobacteriosis gastroenteritis retains its leading position among the acute foodborne infections. The article analyzes the features of genetic transformation and formation of resistance of Campylobacter bacteria to several classes of antimicrobial drugs, most commonly used in medicine and veterinary. It is shown that Campylobacter spp. have multiple ways to enhance resistance, which include horizontal DNA transfer (through the mechanism of natural transformation), plasmid transfer of resistance genes and chromosomal mutations. The article presents the data on specific mechanisms of Campylobacter jejuni antibiotic resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. It is shown that the expression of resistance in Campylobacter spp. is the most pronounced in relation to tetracyclines, which in recent years has led to a rapid increase to 61—87% of the proportion of tetracycline-resistant strains among the populations of campylobacters, contaminating food products. The analysis of data confirming the transfer of resistance genes and total resistance of Ñ.jejuni to fluoroquinolones, which was formed as a result of prolonged exposure to sublethal doses of these drugs, was carried out. The tendency of Ñ.jejuni to form resistance to macrolides, primarily to erythromycin, caused not only by chromosomal mutations, but also by the presence of transmissive plasmid resistance, is now considered as a serious threat to public health. The search for new informative antibiotic resistance markers of Campylobacter spp. will allow making prognostic assessment of the risk of formation of resistance of campylobacteriosis pathogens to the most frequently used antimicrobial agents.

The review covers the history of the discovery and nomenclature of fucoidans — an interesting group of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides extracted from brown algae (Phaeophyceae) with a wide range of promising biological activities. The factors affecting complex molecular structure of these heterogeneous biopolymers are characterized; the authors give an overview of a series of original articles clarifying the role of the bioglycan molecular structure elements (chemical groups, molecular weight, glycosidic linkages, monosaccharides) on some biological properties — anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. Despite a long history of studying fucoidans, unraveling the role of certain fucoidans' structural features is far from being complete because of the molecular complexity caused by both endogeneous and environmental factors, as well as by reproducibility issues of extraction processes. The sources of scientific literature were found in various electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct) and library search.