The aim of the work is to study the antibacterial and antimycotic properties of carbon sorbents modified with biologically active substances in relation to pathogens of purulent-inflammatory diseases. Material and methods. The activity of modifier solutions and modified samples of carbon sorbents was studied in relation to test strains of opportunistic microorganisms in comparison with the initial sample of carbon sorbent. A suspension with a known content of microbial cells was prepared from test strains of microorganisms; it was incubated in wells with test samples for 48 hours. The survival of microorganisms was determined by quantitative inoculation from each well of the sample and microorganism mixture at regular intervals of incubation on Petri dishes with simple agar nutrient, then the number of viable microbial cells in the test mixture was counted. Results. Studies have shown high antibacterial and antimycotic activity of modified carbon sorbents. The best result in comparison with the initial sample was demonstrated by a carbon sorbent modified with lactic acid oligomers and immobilized lysozyme. Studies have shown the promise of using modified carbon sorbent samples for the application therapy in bacterial infections.

Influenza and ARVIs are the most common forms of infectious respiratory diseases in humans. In this regard, the search and development of means for the prevention and treatment of viral infections is a high priority task. The aim of this study was to assess the mechanisms of the antiviral activity of sage-leaved rock-rose extract (Cistus salviifolius) against the causative agents of influenza and ARVIs in humans. In the course of the study, it was shown that C.salviifolius extract inhibits reproduction of influenza viruses A(H1N1), A (H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), A(H5N2), A(H7N9) and influenza B virus. The extract showed maximum virus-inhibiting activity at the early stages of the viral cycle (0–2 hours after infection). C.salviifolius extract significantly reduced the hemagglutinating activity of the virus, and at the same time did not affect the fusogenic properties of viral hemagglutinin. Transmission electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that the cistus extract prevents the absorption of influenza virions on the surface of cells in culture. The inhibitory activity of the extract against other human respiratory viruses, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus, was also shown. The protective activity of C.salviifolius extract was demonstrated when applied intranasally during the experiments on a model of influenza pneumonia in mice. The degree of this activity was in inverse proportion to the time window between the application of the extract and the infection of the animals. The virus, pre-incubated with C.salviifolius extract, did not cause death in the animals. The data obtained indicate that C.salviifolius extract serves as an effective and broad-range means of preventing respiratory viral infections in humans.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of Gentiana algida Pall dry extract on microanatomy of CBA mice thymus at azathioprine immunosuppression. Material and Methods. Experiments were carried out on CBA male mice. Immune deficiency was modeled by intragastrical administration of azathioprine in the dose 50 mg/kg once a day for 5 days. The G.algida dry extract in the dose 50 mg/kg was administered to animals for 15 days against azathioprine. Morphological studies of the thymus were carried out on day 21 after the azathioprine administration. The area of the thymic lobule, the cortex and the medulla; the width of the cortex; the thickness and length of the medulla; the thickness of the capsule; the density of cells in the subcapsular zone and the deep layers of the cortex were measured using the Axio Vision SE64 Rel.4.8.3 image analysis program. The cellular composition was determined in the subcapsular and central zone of the cortex. Results. The G.algida extract limited the development of involutive changes in the thymus caused by cytostatic azathioprine: the cortex area was 16% higher and medulla area 17% lower compared with the control group. The ratio of cortex and medulla in experimental group was 1.4 times higher than that in the control group. The G.algida extract increased verage density of cells by 30% in the subcapsular zone. The number of blasts and large lymphocytes increased on average by 2.0 times in the deep layers of the cortex, and in the subcapsular zone - by 4.3 and 2.4 times, respectively, compared with those in control group. Conclusions: G.algida extract limited the development of pronounced involutive processes in the thymus at azathioprin immunosuppression (increased the mitotic activity of thymocytes, reduced the severity of destructive processes and prevented the growth of adipose tissue).

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a serious health problem worldwide. UPEC's multiple drug resistance combined with virulence factors is a cause of serious concern. In childhood, urinary tract infections are of particular importance, since they can occur against the background of long-term unrecognized congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract. Of the 106 UPEC clinical isolates, 63.2% of cultures were isolated from girls' urine samples and 36.8% from boys' urine samples, which corresponds to a 1.7: 1 ratio. The antibiotic resistance of the isolated UPEC cultures was assessed in relation to 12 antimicrobial drugs. Among the tested cultures, 49% were multidrug-resistant and 20.75% were found to be resistant to imipenem. Phenotypic analysis of antibiotic susceptibility spectrum of uropathogenic E.coli (n=106) indicates a high percentage of occurrence of multi-resistant UPEC strains (49%) and imipenem-resistant UPEC strains (20.75%) among children of all age groups.

The article evaluates the results of Riamilovir use in treatment of patients with a moderate form of the disease caused by a new strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was found that the average time required to complete resolution of symptoms during treatment with the drug was 6-7 days. The first negative result of PCR analysis for the SARS-CoV-2 virus was registered on the 10-11th day of therapy; two consecutive negative PCR results for the SARS-CoV-2 virus were registered in the majority of patients by day 14–19 of treatment in 63±4.28%. The body temperature of the majority of patients (75%) returned to normal by the 4th day of treatment. CT scan showed improvement in the lungs of patients: a repeated CT scan performed on average on day 19 from the start of therapy showed no lung damage or no progression in 10±3.0% of patients following therapy. The CT scan of the lungs performed in 1-2 months after the treatment showed that the number of patients with no lung damage increased to 27±4.44%. As a result of treatment, a decrease in the C-reactive protein index was observed in patients. The tolerability level of the drug was assessed as good: no adverse events or significant deviations in laboratory parameters were detected.

Introduction. Liver damage can be a dangerous side effect of using isoniazid. Individual susceptibility to isoniazid in humans is dependent on the presence of N-acetyltransferase 2 allelic variants in genome. It was imperative to assess the effect of genetically determined isoniazid acetylation rate in terms of risk of developing isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as prevention of potential hepatopathy, and improvement of tuberculosis chemotherapy safety. Aim. To study the effect of acetylation type on the incidence of isoniazid hepatotoxicity in residents of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods. The study included 112 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The following single nucleotide polymorphisms were studied: rs1801280, rs1799930, rs1799931, rs1799929, rs1208, rs1041983. Hepatotoxicity was determined based on the results of clinical laboratory monitoring and using the criteria developed by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (2019). Results. Hepatotoxic reactions developed more often in slow acetylators (43.2%), compared to fast acetylators (20.7%) and intermediate acetylators (10.9%); p=0.002. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity was 5 or more times above the upper limit of normal activity in 37.8% of slow acetylators, and in 8.7% of intermediate acetylators; p=0.001. Clinical manifestations of isoniazid hepatotoxicity were observed more often in slow acetylators (29.7%), than in fast acetylators (3.4%); p=0.000. Conclusion. Slow acetylation type ought to be considered an important risk factor for developing isoniazid hepatotoxicity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

A method for the quantitative determination of streptomycin sulfate in medicines by the turbidimetric method has been developedand validated. Based on the results of the experiments, it was found that the metrological characteristics of such validation parameters of the method as linearity, precision, and correctness do not exceed the validation criteria. Linearity was noted in the range of streptomycin concentrations from 3.75 to 8.43 μg/ml. The results of validation tests of the method for the quantitative determination of streptomycin indicate the prospects and feasibility of introducing the turbidimetric method into the domestic system for standardization and quality assessment of aminoglycoside antibiotics.

The review considers the current views on pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in infectious diarrhea that develops as a result of exposure of enterocytes to viruses or bacterial toxins. The main methods of infectious diarrhea treatment and disadvantages of standard therapy are described. Modern data on the biological activity (bactericidal/bacteriostatic, antiviral, anti-biofilm, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties) of marine algae polysaccharides are presented. The possibilities of using seaweed polysaccharides as the basis of medicines, dietary supplements and functional food products for the prevention and treatment of infectious diarrhea are evaluated.

Rifaximin is an antibiotic characterized by polymorphism. It has various crystalline forms with different pharmacological characteristics. Rifaximin acts locally in the digestive tract, therefore it is important for the absorption to be minimal and for concentration in the intestinal lumen to be high. The absorption of other crystalline forms of rifaximin in the intestine is greater than that of rifaximin-α (Alpha Normix®). Differences in pharmacokinetics of the crystalline forms of rifaximin may affect its effectiveness and safety, especially in patients with chronic diseases (immunodeficiency and leaky gut against the background of liver cirrhosis) who require long courses of therapy. Rifaximin-α (Alpha Normix®) is unique as it has eubiotic and anti-inflammatory properties in addition to local antibacterial effect. Given its diverse mechanisms of action, rifaximin-α positively modulates gut microbiota.

Currently, the problem of reactive arthritis (ReA) retains its importance due to the fairly high prevalence of the disease, primarily in Russia. Analysis of epidemiological data allows us to put forward a number of possible reasons explaining the different frequency of ReA in certain regions of the Russian Federation and in other countries. The lecture describes the clinical picture of the disease, as well as analyzes the significance of various laboratory techniques aimed at identifying the causative agent of ReA. The Russian diagnostic criteria for ReA are presented. The main approaches to the therapy of ReA are outlined with an emphasis on the use of antimicrobial drugs. The effectiveness and safety of drug immunocorrection (inducers of interferon, polyoxidonium, immunofan, etc.) in the treatment of urogenital chlamydia in patients with ReA have not been confirmed by data from randomized controlled trials.